RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Ecogenomics and biogeochemical impacts of uncultivated globally abundant ocean viruses JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 053090 DO 10.1101/053090 A1 Simon Roux A1 Jennifer R. Brum A1 Bas E. Dutilh A1 Shinichi Sunagawa A1 Melissa B. Duhaime A1 Alexander Loy A1 Bonnie T. Poulos A1 Natalie Solonenko A1 Elena Lara A1 Julie Poulain A1 Stéphane Pesant A1 Stefanie Kandels-Lewis A1 Céline Dimier A1 Marc Picheral A1 Sarah Searson A1 Corinne Cruaud A1 Adriana Alberti A1 Carlos M. Duarte A1 Josep M. Gasol A1 Dolors Vaqué A1 Tara Oceans Coordinators A1 Peer Bork A1 Silvia G. Acinas A1 Patrick Wincker A1 Matthew B. Sullivan A1 Silvia G. Acinas A1 Peer Bork A1 Emmanuel Boss A1 Chris Bowler A1 Colomban de Vargas A1 Michael Follows A1 Gabriel Gorsky A1 Nigel Grimsley A1 Pascal Hingamp A1 Daniele Iudicone A1 Olivier Jaillon A1 Stefanie Kandels-Lewis A1 Lee Karp-Boss A1 Eric Karsenti A1 Uros Krzic A1 Fabrice Not A1 Hiroyuki Ogata A1 Stephane Pesant A1 Jeroen Raes A1 Emmanuel G. Reynaud A1 Christian Sardet A1 Mike Sieracki A1 Sabrina Speich A1 Lars Stemmann A1 Matthew B. Sullivan A1 Shinichi Sunagawa A1 Didier Velayoudon A1 Patrick Wincker YR 2016 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/05/12/053090.abstract AB Ocean microbes drive global-scale biogeochemical cycling1, but do so under constraints imposed by viruses on host community composition, metabolism, and evolutionary trajectories2–5. Due to sampling and cultivation challenges, genome-level viral diversity remains poorly described and grossly understudied in nature such that <1% of observed surface ocean viruses, even those that are abundant and ubiquitous, are ‘known’5. Here we analyze a global map of abundant, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses and viral-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) with genomic and ecological contexts through the Global Ocean Viromes (GOV) dataset, which includes complete genomes and large genomic fragments from both surface and deep ocean viruses sampled during the Tara Oceans and Malaspina research expeditions6,7. A total of 15,222 epi- and mesopelagic viral populations were identified that comprised 867 viral clusters (VCs, approximately genus-level groups8,9). This roughly triples known ocean viral populations10, doubles known candidate bacterial and archaeal virus genera9, and near-completely samples epipelagic communities at both the population and VC level. Thirty-eight of the 867 VCs were identified as the most impactful dsDNA viral groups in the oceans, as these were locally or globally abundant and accounted together for nearly half of the viral populations in any GOV sample. Most of these were predicted in silico to infect dominant, ecologically relevant microbes, while two thirds of them represent newly described viruses that lacked any cultivated representative. Beyond these taxon-specific ecological observations, we identified 243 viral-encoded AMGs in GOV, only 95 of which were known. Deeper analyses of 4 of these AMGs revealed that abundant viruses directly manipulate sulfur and nitrogen cycling, and do so throughout the epipelagic ocean. Together these data provide a critically-needed organismal catalog and functional context to begin meaningfully integrating viruses into ecosystem models as key players in nutrient cycling and trophic networks.