TY - JOUR T1 - The Neural Basis of Motivational Influences on Cognitive Control: An ALE Meta-Analysis JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/113126 SP - 113126 AU - Cameron Parro AU - Matt L Dixon AU - Kalina Christoff Y1 - 2017/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/03/02/113126.abstract N2 - Cognitive control mechanisms support the deliberate regulation of thought and behavior based on internal goals. Many studies have now shown that motivational incentives improve cognitive control, reflected in faster and more accurate performance. While the neural basis of cognitive control has been thoroughly investigated, only recently has there been systematic investigation of the brain regions that may support motivation-related enhancements of cognitive control. Here, we present a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motivated cognitive control using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) in order to delineate the brain regions that are consistently activated across studies. The analysis included functional neuroimaging studies that investigated changes in brain activation during cognitive control tasks when reward incentives were present versus absent. Consistent recruitment across studies was primarily observed in higher-order association cortices, including the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), inferior frontal junction/premotor cortex (IFJ/PMC), and anterior insula. These activations were right-lateralized, with the exception of bilateral activations in the IFJ/PMC. A comparison with functional network boundaries revealed that the identified regions largely belong to the frontoparietal control network. Together, the distributed cortical regions identified here may contribute to enhanced top-down control by representing the relationship between task demands and expected motivational outcomes. Based on these findings, we propose a simple functional network model of motivated cognitive control. ER -