PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Paul E. Smaldino
AU  - Thomas J. Flamson
AU  - Richard McElreath
TI  - The Evolution of covert Signaling
AID  - 10.1101/132407
DP  - 2017 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 132407
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/30/132407.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/30/132407.full
AB  - Human sociality depends upon the benefits of mutual aid and extensive communication. However, mutual aid is made difficult by the problems of coordinating diverse norms and preferences, and communication is harried by substantial ambiguity in meaning. Here we demonstrate that these two facts can work together to allow cooperation to develop, by the strategic use of deliberately ambiguous signals: covert signaling. Covert signaling is the transmission of information that is accurately received by its intended audience but obscured when perceived by others. Such signals may allow coordination and enhanced cooperation while also avoiding the alienation or hostile reactions of individuals with different preferences. Although the empirical literature has identified potential mechanisms of covert signaling, such as encryption in humor, there is to date no formal theory of its dynamics. We introduce a novel mathematical model to assess the conditions under which a covert signaling strategy will evolve, as well as how signaling strategies coevolve with receiver attitudes. We show that covert signaling plausibly serves an important function in facilitating within-group cooperative assortment by allowing individuals to pair up with similar group members when possible and to get along with dissimilar ones when necessary. This mechanism has broad implications for theories of signaling and cooperation, humor, social identity, political psychology, and the evolution of human cultural complexity.