TY - JOUR T1 - The Genomic History Of Southeastern Europe JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/135616 SP - 135616 AU - Iain Mathieson AU - Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg AU - Cosimo Posth AU - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy AU - Nadin Rohland AU - Swapan Mallick AU - Iñigo Olade AU - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht AU - Olivia Cheronet AU - Daniel Fernandes AU - Matthew Ferry AU - Beatriz Gamarra AU - Gloria González Fortes AU - Wolfgang Haak AU - Eadaoin Harney AU - Ben Krause-Kyora AU - Isil Kucukkalipci AU - Megan Michel AU - Alissa Mittnik AU - Kathrin Nägele AU - Mario Novak AU - Jonas Oppenheimer AU - Nick Patterson AU - Saskia Pfrengle AU - Kendra Sirak AU - Kristin Stewardson AU - Stefania Vai AU - Stefan Alexandrov AU - Kurt W. Alt AU - Radian Andreescu AU - Dragana Antonović AU - Abigail Ash AU - Nadezhda Atanassova AU - Krum Bacvarov AU - Mende Balázs Gusztáv AU - Hervé Bocherens AU - Michael Bolus AU - Adina Boroneanţ AU - Yavor Boyadzhiev AU - Alicja Budnik AU - Josip Burmaz AU - Stefan Chohadzhiev AU - Nicholas J. Conard AU - Richard Cottiaux AU - Maja Čuka AU - Christophe Cupillard AU - Dorothée G. Drucker AU - Nedko Elenski AU - Michael Francken AU - Borislava Galabova AU - Georgi Ganetovski AU - Bernard Gely AU - Tamás Hajdu AU - Veneta Handzhyiska AU - Katerina Harvati AU - Thomas Higham AU - Stanislav Iliev AU - Ivor Janković AU - Ivor Karavanić AU - Douglas J. Kennett AU - Darko Komšo AU - Alexandra Kozak AU - Damian Labuda AU - Martina Lari AU - Catalin Lazar AU - Maleen Leppek AU - Krassimir Leshtakov AU - Domenico Lo Vetro AU - Dženi Los AU - Ivaylo Lozanov AU - Maria Malina AU - Fabio Martini AU - Kath McSweeney AU - Harald Meller AU - Marko Menđušić AU - Pavel Mirea AU - Vyacheslav Moiseyev AU - Vanya Petrova AU - T. Douglas Price AU - Angela Simalcsik AU - Luca Sineo AU - Mario Šlaus AU - Vladimir Slavchev AU - Petar Stanev AU - Andrej Starović AU - Tamás Szeniczey AU - Sahra Talamo AU - Maria Teschler-Nicola AU - Corinne Thevenet AU - Ivan Valchev AU - Frédérique Valentin AU - Sergey Vasilyev AU - Fanica Veljanovska AU - Svetlana Venelinova AU - Elizaveta Veselovskaya AU - Bence Viola AU - Cristian Virag AU - Joško Zaninović AU - Steve Zauner AU - Philipp W. Stockhammer AU - Giulio Catalano AU - Raiko Krauβ AU - David Caramelli AU - Gunita Zariņa AU - Bisserka Gaydarska AU - Malcolm Lillie AU - Alexey G. Nikitin AU - Inna Potekhina AU - Anastasia Papathanasiou AU - Dušan Borić AU - Clive Bonsall AU - Johannes Krause AU - Ron Pinhasi AU - David Reich Y1 - 2017/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/05/09/135616.abstract N2 - Farming was first introduced to southeastern Europe in the mid-7th millennium BCE– brought by migrants from Anatolia who settled in the region before spreading throughout Europe. However, the dynamics of the interaction between the first farmers and the indigenous hunter-gatherers remain poorly understood because of the near absence of ancient DNA from the region. We report new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 204 individuals–65 Paleolithic and Mesolithic, 93 Neolithic, and 46 Copper, Bronze and Iron Age–who lived in southeastern Europe and surrounding regions between about 12,000 and 500 BCE. We document that the hunter-gatherer populations of southeastern Europe, the Baltic, and the North Pontic Steppe were distinctive from those of western Europe, with a West-East cline of ancestry. We show that the people who brought farming to Europe were not part of a single population, as early farmers from southern Greece are not descended from the Neolithic population of northwestern Anatolia that was ancestral to all other European farmers. The ancestors of the first farmers of northern and western Europe passed through southeastern Europe with limited admixture with local hunter-gatherers, but we show that some groups that remained in the region mixed extensively with local hunter-gatherers, with relatively sex-balanced admixture compared to the male-biased hunter-gatherer admixture that we show prevailed later in the North and West. After the spread of farming, southeastern Europe continued to be a nexus between East and West, with intermittent steppe ancestry, including in individuals from the Varna I cemetery and associated with the Cucuteni-Trypillian archaeological complex, up to 2,000 years before the Steppe migration that replaced much of northern Europe’s population. ER -