PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - José J. F. Ribas Fernandes
AU  - Clay B. Holroyd
TI  - Episodic, Semantic, Pavlovian, and Procedural Cognitive Maps
AID  - 10.1101/161141
DP  - 2017 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 161141
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/07/09/161141.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/07/09/161141.full
AB  - Current theories of planning associate the hippocampus with a cognitive map, a theoretical construct used to predict the consequences of actions. This formulation is problematic for two reasons: First, cognitive maps are traditionally conceptualized to generalize over individual episodes, which conflicts with evidence associating the hippocampus with episodic memory, and second, it fails to explain seemingly non-hippocampal forms of planning. Here we propose a novel theoretical framework that resolves these issues: each long-term memory system is a cognitive map, predicting consequences of actions based on its unique computational properties. It follows that hippocampal maps are episode-based and that semantic, procedural, and Pavlovian memories each implement a specialized map. We present evidence for each type of map from neuropsychology, neuroimaging and animal electrophysiology studies.