RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The limitations of in vitro experimentation in understanding biofilms and chronic infection JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 032987 DO 10.1101/032987 A1 Aled E. L. Roberts A1 Kasper N. Kragh A1 Thomas Bjarnsholt A1 Stephen P. Diggle YR 2015 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/11/27/032987.abstract AB We have become increasingly aware that during infection, pathogenic bacteria often grow in multicellular biofilms which are often highly resistant to antibacterial strategies. In order to understand how biofilms form and contribute to infection, in vitro biofilm systems such as microtitre plate assays and flow cells, have been heavily used by many research groups around the world. Whilst these methods have greatly increased our understanding of the biology of biofilms, it is becoming increasingly apparent that many of our in vitro methods do not accurately represent in vivo conditions. Here we present a systematic review of the most widely used in vitro biofilm systems, and we discuss why they are not always representative of the in vivo biofilms found in chronic infections. We present examples of methods that will help us to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo biofilm work, so that our bench-side data can ultimately be used to improve bedside treatment.