… For example, the unique genes found in the E. coli system were denoted cse1 (CRISPR
system of E. coli gene number 1), cse2, cse3, cse4 and cas5e (elsewhere, these …

… (E) Plasmids containing WT and mutant protospacer 2 inserts with varying extent of crRNA-target
DNA mismatches (right) were cleaved in vitro by programmed Cas9 (left). The cleavage …

… In 2008, mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) were shown to serve as guides in a complex
with Cas proteins to interfere with virus proliferation in E. coli (47). The same year, the DNA …

The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

… The subtype III-E loci often include a putative ancillary gene encoding a large protein that …
or neofunctionalization of subtype III-E systems and their potential involvement in complex …

… In the first pathway, exemplified by the type IE system of E. coli, crRNA bound by Cas6
serves as a scaffold for Cascade assembly. Cascade first recognizes the PAM (yellow) on the …

… were synthesized, annealed in vitro and incubated with E. coli RNase III. Whereas neither of
… Transformation of E. coli with plasmid DNA was carried out according to standard protocols …

… (D) Surface electrostatic potential map of SpyCas9 colored from −10 kT/e (red) to +10 kT/e
(blue) (61). (E) Surface representation of SpyCas9 colored according to evolutionary …

… e, Plasmids containing protospacer 5 and single or quadruple mismatches (mut_1-4 and
mut_19-22) … Data in a, b, d and e are representatives of at least three independent experiments. …

… The Cas4 proteins belong to the PD-(D/E)xK family of nucleases (8) and indeed have been
shown to possess 5′-single-stranded DNA exonuclease activity (20). Similar to Csn2, the …