Nerve terminals are specific sites of action of a very large number of toxins produced by many
different organisms. The mechanism of action of three groups of presynaptic neurotoxins …

… The intracellular activity of clostridial rmiroXoxms was recently identified as a zinc-dependent
specific proteolysis of components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus (Schiavo et al, 1992a,…

… This is also in agreement with the finding of individuals with serum anti BoNT antibodies
without a clinical record of botulism (Schiavo et al. unpublished work). In the more severe forms, …

CLOSTRIDIAL neurotoxins, including tetanus toxin and the seven serotypes of botulinum
toxin (A–G), are produced as single chains and cleaved to generate toxins with two chains …

Degenerative disorders of motor neurons include a range of progressive fatal diseases such
as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and spinal …

Variants of UNC13A, a critical gene for synapse function, increase the risk of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia 1 , 2 – 3 , two related neurodegenerative …

Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteins with one zinc atom bound to the zinc binding
motif of zinc endopeptidases. Here we show that botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E …

… virus G protein expression plasmid (pVSV-G; Clontech). Immortalized MEFs were selected
on puromycin (final concentration, 2 μg/ml) for 2 weeks. All cells were grown in Dulbecco's …

ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neuron death
resulting in muscle paralysis. Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are responsible for …

… In comparison, cleavage of VAMP/ synaptobrevin by TeNT, BoNT/B, /D and /F and of
syntaxin by BoNT/C (Schiavo et al., in preparation) is more centrally targeted and it is thought to …