Recent developments in complete-genome sequencing, antigenic mapping and epidemiological
modelling are greatly improving our knowledge of the evolution of human influenza …

Background Despite the significant disease burden of the influenza virus in humans, our
understanding of the basis for its pronounced seasonality remains incomplete. Past …

Segmented RNA viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal
and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. Although the origin of RNA …

Humans have infected a wide range of animals with SARS-CoV-2 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 – 5 , but the
establishment of a new natural animal reservoir has not been observed. Here we document …

The evolutionary interaction between influenza A virus and the human immune system,
manifest as ‘antigenic drift’ of the viral haemagglutinin, is one of the best described patterns in …

Accurate understanding of the global spread of emerging viruses is critical for public health
responses and for anticipating and preventing future outbreaks. Here we elucidate when, …

The H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus has caused substantial morbidity and mortality in
humans, first documented in the global pandemic of 1918 and continuing to the present day. …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses (lineage 2.3.4.4b) are rapidly
invading the Americas, threatening wildlife, poultry, and potentially evolving into the next global …

… Comparing the results of such experiments with the findings presented by Mena, Nelson et
al. could identify factors that make the viruses more likely to spread to humans and produce a …

The origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in swine are unknown, highlighting
gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus (IAV) ecology and evolution. We review how …