The free-electron laser, first proposed by Madey 1 in 1971, has significantly reduced laser
wavelengths to the vacuum ultraviolet 2 , 3 and soft X-ray regions 4 . Recently, an X-ray free-…

Photosystem II (PSII) is a huge membrane-protein complex consisting of 20 different subunits
with a total molecular mass of 350 kDa for a monomer. It catalyses light-driven water …

… light sources are to become accessible to more researchers, a significant reduction in scale
is desirable Here, we report observations of brilliant extreme-ultraviolet radiation from a 55-m…

Hard X-rays have exceptional properties that are useful in the chemical, elemental and
structure analysis of matter. Although single-nanometre resolutions in various hard-X-ray …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump and a model membrane transport protein.
We used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at an x-ray free electron laser …

High-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at 6 keV photon energy has been
realized utilizing high-flux-density x rays from the third generation high-energy synchrotron …

A beamline for the x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) of SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron
LAser (SACLA) provides hard x-ray pulses in the range 4.5–19.5 keV. Its optical system …

… Ku., HA, and M.Yam. developed the data collection setup. … KT and M.Yab. contributed
to beamline operation. … KT and M.Yab. contributed to beamline operation. …

Since the invention of the first lasers in the visible-light region, research has aimed to produce
short-wavelength lasers that generate coherent X-rays 1 , 2 ; the shorter the wavelength, …

… KT, YI, M. Yabashi and TI contributed to beamline operation. GU, TH, HM and M. Yamamoto
contributed to development of the experimental instruments. NY, ST, KK, MH, KM, TK and …