… Similarly, within S 0 , we choose a continuous gauge, which yields the Berry connection
A0 n(k). Keeping in mind that the first Brillouin zone can be thought of as a torus, thanks to the …

Gauge fields are central in our modern understanding of physics at all scales. At the highest
energy scales known, the microscopic universe is governed by particles interacting with …

… where ( ) creates an atom at lattice site m (annihilates an atom at lattice site n), J denotes
the constant tunnelling matrix element between nearest-neighbouring sites <m, n>, and the …

We report the generation and analysis of functional data from multiple, diverse experiments
performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE …

Phylogenetic inference from amino acid sequence data uses mainly empirical models of
amino acid replacement and is therefore dependent on those models. Two of the more widely …

… Models considered in this article allow the d N /d S (ω) ratio to vary among sites. Let ω ( h
) be the ratio for site h. The codon substitution model specifies the relative instantaneous …

… This allows the calculation of the ratio p,/p, as a function of V and of K and the codon
frequencies n;. An example is shown in the left-hand panel of figure 2, which uses the observed …

… Here annihilates (creates) a particle on site (m, n), where the position in the lattice is defined
as , with m, n integers and the unit vectors. In the limit Δ ≫ κ, the effective coupling strengths …

Gorillas are humans’ closest living relatives after chimpanzees, and are of comparable
importance for the study of human origins and evolution. Here we present the assembly and …

The comparison of related genomes has emerged as a powerful lens for genome interpretation.
Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of 29 eutherian genomes. We …