Cancer immunotherapy can induce long lasting responses in patients with metastatic cancers
of a wide range of histologies. Broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments …

The release of negative regulators of immune activation (immune checkpoints) that limit
antitumor responses has resulted in unprecedented rates of long-lasting tumor responses in …

Cancer immunotherapy may become a major treatment backbone in many cancers over the
next decade. There are numerous immune cell types found in cancers and many …

Background Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the BRAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032)
have shown response rates of more than 50% in patients with metastatic melanoma with …

Therapies that target the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor have shown unprecedented
rates of durable clinical responses in patients with various cancer types 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . One …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments, but molecular
determinants of clinical benefit are unknown. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are antibodies …

Background The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is a negative regulator of T-cell
effector mechanisms that limits immune responses against cancer. We tested the anti–PD-1 …

Background The identification of somatic mutations in the gene encoding the serine–threonine
protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF) in the majority of melanomas offers an opportunity to test …

Background The immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab is the standard-of-care treatment
for patients with advanced melanoma. Pembrolizumab inhibits the programmed cell death 1 (…

Therapeutics that are designed to engage RNA interference (RNAi) pathways have the
potential to provide new, major ways of imparting therapy to patients 1 , 2 . Long, double-…