… The Shaker conductance incurs an energetic cost at rest, but not at more depolarized
potentials when it is inactivated(Niven et al., 2003a; Niven et al., 2003b). In Drosophila mutant …

Small open reading frames (smORFs) are short DNA sequences that are able to encode
small peptides of less than 100 amino acids. Study of these elements has been neglected …

CNS axons differ in diameter (d) by nearly 100-fold (∼0.1–10 μm); therefore, they differ in
cross-sectional area (d 2 ) and volume by nearly 10,000-fold. If, as found for optic nerve, …

The initiation and propagation of action potentials (APs) places high demands on the
energetic resources of neural tissue. Each AP forces ATP-driven ion pumps to work harder to …

Trade-offs between energy consumption and neuronal performance must shape the design
and evolution of nervous systems, but we lack empirical data showing how neuronal energy …

Energetically costly behaviours, such as flight, push physiological systems to their limits
requiring metabolic rates (MR) that are highly elevated above the resting MR (RMR). Both RMR …

Background Data from studies with undergraduate and postgraduate taught students
suggest that they are at an increased risk of having mental health problems, compared to the …

Visual navigation in ants has long been a focus of experimental study [1–3], but only recently
have explicit hypotheses about the underlying neural circuitry been proposed [4]. Indirect …

Highlights • Electrical signaling consumes substantial amounts of energy influencing physiology
and anatomy. • Action potential energy consumption depends on the voltage-gated ion …

Miniaturized species have evolved in many animal lineages, including insects and vertebrates.
Consequently, their nervous systems are constrained to fit within tiny volumes. These …