… red because the M cells are necessary and sufficient for its production, although other
pacemakers also normally contribute: restriction of pacemaking activity to just M cells leads to an …

… Among the identified neurons in the pacemaker network, the PDF-expressing subset are
termed M cells based on their abilities to influence ‘‘Morning’’ activity levels; several non-PDF …

10.7554/eLife.04580.001 Animals discriminate stimuli, learn their predictive value and use
this knowledge to modify their behavior. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) plays a key …

Electrical silencing of Drosophila circadian pacemaker neurons through targeted expression
of K + channels causes severe deficits in free-running circadian locomotor rhythmicity in …

Neuronal circadian oscillators in the mammalian and Drosophila brain express a circadian
clock comprised of interlocking gene transcription feedback loops. The genetic clock …

Nervous systems process information by integrating the electrical activity of neurons in
complex networks. This motivates the long-standing interest in using optical methods to …

… Voltage electrodes were filled with 3 m KCl and had resistances of 7–9 MΩ. The shafts of
the current electrodes were filled with 3 m K-acetate and the tips were backfilled with 2 m …

Genome biology approaches have made enormous contributions to our understanding of
biological rhythms, particularly in identifying outputs of the clock, including RNAs, proteins, and …

Circadian clocks are coupled to metabolic oscillations through nutrient-sensing pathways.
Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway triggers covalent protein modification …

Background Imbalances in amount and timing of sleep are harmful to physical and mental
health. Therefore, the study of the underlying mechanisms is of great biological importance. …