Morphological diversity within closely related species is an essential aspect of evolution and
adaptation. Mutations in the Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) gene contribute to pigmentary …

Genetic analysis of mammalian color variation has provided fundamental insight into
human biology and disease. In most vertebrates, two key genes, Agouti and Melanocortin 1 …

Gene expression differs among individuals and populations and is thought to be a major
determinant of phenotypic variation. Although variation and genetic loci responsible for RNA …

Elucidating the consequences of genetic differences between humans is essential for
understanding phenotypic diversity and personalized medicine. Although variation in RNA levels, …

Variation in human skin and eye color is substantial and especially apparent in admixed
populations, yet the underlying genetic architecture is poorly understood because most genome…

Pigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes varies both within and between human populations.
Identifying the genes and alleles underlying this variation has been the goal of many …

Many members of the animal kingdom display coat or skin color differences along their
dorsoventral axis. To determine the mechanisms that control regional differences in pigmentation…

An essential component of precision medicine is the ability to predict an individual's risk of
disease based on genetic and non-genetic factors. For complex traits and diseases, …

purpose. The available evidence indicates that the naturally occurring mouse mutant nob (no
b-wave) provides an animal model for the complete form of human X-linked congenital …

Mutations of pigment type switching have provided basic insight into melanocortin physiology
and evolutionary adaptation. In all vertebrates that have been studied to date, two key …