New Results
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
Iosif Lazaridis
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Nick Patterson
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Alissa Mittnik
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Gabriel Renaud
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Swapan Mallick
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Karola Kirsanow
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Peter H. Sudmant
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Joshua G. Schraiber
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
Sergi Castellano
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Mark Lipson
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Bonnie Berger
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Christos Economou
Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden
Ruth Bollongino
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Qiaomei Fu
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
Kirsten I. Bos
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Susanne Nordenfelt
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Heng Li
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Cesare de Filippo
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Kay Prüfer
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Susanna Sawyer
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Cosimo Posth
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Wolfgang Haak
Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia
Fredrik Hallgren
The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden
Elin Fornander
The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden
Nadin Rohland
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Dominique Delsate
National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg
National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg
Michael Francken
Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070, Germany
Jean-Michel Guinet
National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg
Joachim Wahl
State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467, Germany
George Ayodo
Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya
Hamza A. Babiker
Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123, Oman
Graciela Bailliet
Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina
Elena Balanovska
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
Oleg Balanovsky
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Ramiro Barrantes
Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
Gabriel Bedoya
Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Haim Ben-Ami
Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096, Israel
Judit Bene
Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
Fouad Berrada
Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000, Morocco
Claudio M. Bravi
Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina
Francesca Brisighelli
Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
George Busby
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
Francesco Cali
Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018, Italy
Mikhail Churnosov
Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
David E. C. Cole
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada
Daniel Corach
Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina
Larissa Damba
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
George van Driem
Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
Stanislav Dryomov
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Jean-Michel Dugoujon
Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000, France
Sardana A. Fedorova
Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
Irene Gallego Romero
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Marina Gubina
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Michael Hammer
ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
Brenna Henn
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
Tor Hervig
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
Ugur Hodoglugil
NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050
Aashish R. Jha
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Sena Karachanak-Yankova
Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Rita Khusainova
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
Elza Khusnutdinova
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
Rick Kittles
College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
Toomas Kivisild
Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH
William Klitz
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Vaidutis Kučinskas
Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania
Alena Kushniarevich
Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Leila Laredj
Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France
Sergey Litvinov
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Theologos Loukidis
Currently employed by AMGEN; 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece
Robert W. Mahley
Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
Béla Melegh
Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
Ene Metspalu
Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Julio Molina
Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
Joanna Mountain
Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi
Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
Desislava Nesheva
Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Thomas Nyambo
Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Ludmila Osipova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Jüri Parik
Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Fedor Platonov
Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia
Olga Posukh
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Valentino Romano
Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128, Italy
Francisco Rothhammer
Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile
Igor Rudan
Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG, UK
Ruslan Ruizbakiev
Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000, Uzbekistan
Hovhannes Sahakyan
Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
Antti Sajantila
Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
Antonio Salas
Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872, Spain
Elena B. Starikovskaya
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Ayele Tarekegn
Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK
Draga Toncheva
Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Shahlo Turdikulova
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
Ingrida Uktveryte
Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania
Olga Utevska
Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine
René Vasquez
Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia
Mercedes Villena
Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia
Mikhail Voevoda
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia
Cheryl Winkler
Molecular Genetics Epidemiology Section, Frederick Natoinal Lab for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
Levon Yepiskoposyan
Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
Pierre Zalloua
Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053, Lebanon
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, USA
Tatijana Zemunik
Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia
Alan Cooper
Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia
Cristian Capelli
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
Mark G. Thomas
Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Andres Ruiz-Linares
Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Sarah A. Tishkoff
Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
Lalji Singh
CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
Present address: Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
Kumarasamy Thangaraj
CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
Richard Villems
Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
David Comas
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
Rem Sukernik
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Mait Metspalu
Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Matthias Meyer
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Evan E. Eichler
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
Joachim Burger
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Montgomery Slatkin
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
Svante Pääbo
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Janet Kelso
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
David Reich
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Johannes Krause
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070, Germany
Abstract
We sequenced genomes from a ∼7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that EEF had ∼44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian” lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Posted April 05, 2014.
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
bioRxiv 001552; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
bioRxiv 001552; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
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