New Results
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
Iosif Lazaridis
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Nick Patterson
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Alissa Mittnik
3Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Gabriel Renaud
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Swapan Mallick
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Karola Kirsanow
5Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Peter H. Sudmant
6Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Joshua G. Schraiber
7Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
Sergi Castellano
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Mark Lipson
8Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Bonnie Berger
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
8Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Christos Economou
9Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden
Ruth Bollongino
5Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Qiaomei Fu
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
10Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
Kirsten I. Bos
3Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Susanne Nordenfelt
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Heng Li
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Cesare de Filippo
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Kay Prüfer
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Susanna Sawyer
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Cosimo Posth
3Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
Wolfgang Haak
11Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia
Fredrik Hallgren
12The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden
Elin Fornander
12The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden
Nadin Rohland
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Dominique Delsate
13National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg
14National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg
Michael Francken
15Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070, Germany
Jean-Michel Guinet
13National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg
Joachim Wahl
16State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467, Germany
George Ayodo
17Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya
Hamza A. Babiker
18Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
19Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123, Oman
Graciela Bailliet
20Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina
Elena Balanovska
21Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
Oleg Balanovsky
21Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
22Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Ramiro Barrantes
23Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
Gabriel Bedoya
24Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Haim Ben-Ami
25Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096, Israel
Judit Bene
26Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
Fouad Berrada
27Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000, Morocco
Claudio M. Bravi
20Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina
Francesca Brisighelli
28Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
George Busby
29Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
30Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
Francesco Cali
31Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018, Italy
Mikhail Churnosov
32Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
David E. C. Cole
33Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada
Daniel Corach
34Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina
Larissa Damba
35Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
George van Driem
36Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
Stanislav Dryomov
37Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Jean-Michel Dugoujon
38Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000, France
Sardana A. Fedorova
39Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
Irene Gallego Romero
40Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Marina Gubina
35Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Michael Hammer
41ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
Brenna Henn
42Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
Tor Hervig
43Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
Ugur Hodoglugil
44NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050
Aashish R. Jha
40Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Sena Karachanak-Yankova
45Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Rita Khusainova
46Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
47Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
Elza Khusnutdinova
46Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
47Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
Rick Kittles
48College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
Toomas Kivisild
49Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH
William Klitz
50School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Vaidutis Kučinskas
51Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania
Alena Kushniarevich
52Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Leila Laredj
53Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France
Sergey Litvinov
46Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
47Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
52Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Theologos Loukidis
54Currently employed by AMGEN; 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece
Robert W. Mahley
55Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
Béla Melegh
26Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
Ene Metspalu
56Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Julio Molina
57Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
Joanna Mountain
58Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi
59Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
Desislava Nesheva
45Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Thomas Nyambo
60Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Ludmila Osipova
35Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Jüri Parik
56Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Fedor Platonov
61Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia
Olga Posukh
35Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Valentino Romano
62Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128, Italy
Francisco Rothhammer
63Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
64Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
65Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile
Igor Rudan
66Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG, UK
Ruslan Ruizbakiev
67Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000, Uzbekistan
Hovhannes Sahakyan
52Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
68Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
Antti Sajantila
69Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
70Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
Antonio Salas
71Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872, Spain
Elena B. Starikovskaya
37Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Ayele Tarekegn
72Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK
Draga Toncheva
45Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
Shahlo Turdikulova
73Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
Ingrida Uktveryte
51Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania
Olga Utevska
74Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine
René Vasquez
75Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia
Mercedes Villena
75Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia
Mikhail Voevoda
35Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
76Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia
Cheryl Winkler
77Molecular Genetics Epidemiology Section, Frederick Natoinal Lab for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
Levon Yepiskoposyan
68Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
Pierre Zalloua
78Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053, Lebanon
79Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, USA
Tatijana Zemunik
80Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia
Alan Cooper
11Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia
Cristian Capelli
29Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
Mark G. Thomas
81Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Andres Ruiz-Linares
81Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Sarah A. Tishkoff
82Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
Lalji Singh
83CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
84Present address: Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
Kumarasamy Thangaraj
83CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
Richard Villems
52Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
56Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
85Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
David Comas
86Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
Rem Sukernik
37Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Mait Metspalu
52Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Matthias Meyer
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Evan E. Eichler
6Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
87Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
Joachim Burger
5Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
Montgomery Slatkin
7Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
Svante Pääbo
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Janet Kelso
4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
David Reich
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
88Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Johannes Krause
3Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
89Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070, Germany
Abstract
We sequenced genomes from a ∼7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that EEF had ∼44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian” lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Posted April 05, 2014.
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
bioRxiv 001552; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich, Johannes Krause
bioRxiv 001552; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001552
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