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Analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes reveals long-term gene-flow and selection during domestication

Laurent A.F. Frantz, Joshua G. Schraiber, Ole Madsen, Hendrik-Jan Megens, Alex Cagan, Mirte Bosse, Yogesh Paudel, Richard PMA Crooijmans, Greger Larson, Martien AM Groenen
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/010959
Laurent A.F. Frantz
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Joshua G. Schraiber
2Department of lntegrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
3Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
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Ole Madsen
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Hendrik-Jan Megens
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Alex Cagan
4Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck lnstitute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Mirte Bosse
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Yogesh Paudel
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Richard PMA Crooijmans
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Greger Larson
5Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Martien AM Groenen
1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, WD 6708, The Netherlands
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Abstract

Traditionally, the process of domestication is assumed to be initiated by people, involve few individuals and rely on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. However, an emerging zooarcheological consensus depicts animal domestication as a long-term process without reproductive isolation or strong intentional selection. Here, we ask whether pig domestication followed a traditional linear model, or a complex, reticulate model as predicted by zooarcheologists. To do so, we fit models of domestication to whole genome data from over 100 wild and domestic pigs. We found that the assumptions of traditional models, such as reproductive isolation and strong domestication bottlenecks, are incompatible with the genetic data and provide support for the zooarcheological theory of a complex domestication process. In particular, gene-flow from wild to domestic pigs was a ubiquitous feature of the domestication of pigs. In addition, we show that despite gene-flow, the genomes of domestic pigs show strong signatures of selection at loci that affect behaviour and morphology. Specifically, our results are consistent with independent parallel sweeps in two independent domestication areas (China and Anatolia) at loci linked to morphological traits. We argue that recurrent selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenising effect of gene-flow from wild boars and created "islands of domestication" in the genome. Overall, our results suggest that genomic approaches that allow for more complex models of domestication to be embraced should be employed. The results from these studies will have significant ramifications for studies that attempt to infer the origin of domesticated animals.

Significance Statement Though animal domestication has traditionally been viewed as a human-directed process involving small populations of domestic animals and limited interbreeding between wild and domestic forms, but recent zooarcheological insights have questioned this model. By studying domestication in pigs, we demonstrate that complex models of domestication incorporating long-term gene-flow from multiple wild boar populations fit genomic data from modern wild and domestic pigs significantly better than models based on the traditional perspective. In addition, we demonstrate that selection at genes associated with domestic traits countered the effects of the gene flow, thus allowing morphological and behavioural differentiation between wild and domestic populations to be maintained.

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Posted October 31, 2014.
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Analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes reveals long-term gene-flow and selection during domestication
Laurent A.F. Frantz, Joshua G. Schraiber, Ole Madsen, Hendrik-Jan Megens, Alex Cagan, Mirte Bosse, Yogesh Paudel, Richard PMA Crooijmans, Greger Larson, Martien AM Groenen
bioRxiv 010959; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/010959
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Analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes reveals long-term gene-flow and selection during domestication
Laurent A.F. Frantz, Joshua G. Schraiber, Ole Madsen, Hendrik-Jan Megens, Alex Cagan, Mirte Bosse, Yogesh Paudel, Richard PMA Crooijmans, Greger Larson, Martien AM Groenen
bioRxiv 010959; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/010959

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