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Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase

Michael R. Lawson, Kevin Dyer, James M. Berger
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/069773
Michael R. Lawson
1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA.
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Kevin Dyer
2Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley CA.
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James M. Berger
1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA.
3Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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  • For correspondence: jmberger@jhmi.edu
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ABSTRACT

Processive, ring-shaped protein and nucleic acid protein translocases control essential biochemical processes throughout biology, and are considered high-prospect therapeutic targets. The E. coli Rho factor is an exemplar hexameric RNA translocase that terminates transcription in bacteria. Like many ring-shaped motor proteins, Rho activity is modulated by a variety of poorly understood mechanisms, including small molecule therapeutics, protein-protein interactions, and the sequence of its translocation substrate. Here, we establish the mechanism of action of two Rho effectors, the antibiotic bicyclomycin and nucleic acids that bind to Rho’s ‘primary’ mRNA recruitment site. Using SAXS and a novel reporter assay to monitor the ability of Rho to switch between open-ring (RNA loading) and closed-ring (RNA translocation) states, bicyclomycin is found to be a direct antagonist of ring closure. Reciprocally, the binding of nucleic acids to its N-terminal RNA recruitment domains is shown to promote the formation of a closed-ring Rho state, with increasing primary site occupancy providing additive stimulatory effects. This study establishes bicyclomycin as a conformational inhibitor of Rho ring dynamics, highlighting the utility of developing assays that read out protein conformation as a prospective screening tool for ring-ATPase inhibitors. Our findings further show that the RNA sequence specificity used for guiding Rho-dependent termination derives in part from an intrinsic ability of the motor to couple the recognition of pyrimidine patterns in nascent transcripts to RNA loading and activity.

SIGNIFICANCE Many processive, ring-ATPase motor proteins rely on substrate-dependent conformational changes to assist with the loading of client substrates into the central pore of the enzyme and subsequent translocation. Using the E. coli Rho transcription terminator as a model hexameric helicase, we show that two distinct ligands – the antibiotic bicyclomycin and pyrimidine-rich nucleic acids – alternatively repress or promote, respectively, the transition of Rho from an open, RNA-loading configuration to a closed-ring, active helicase. Our findings explain several mechanisms by which Rho activity is controlled, and provide a general illustration of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can regulate ring-type ATPase dynamics through diverse mechanisms.

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
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Posted August 16, 2016.
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Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase
Michael R. Lawson, Kevin Dyer, James M. Berger
bioRxiv 069773; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/069773
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Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase
Michael R. Lawson, Kevin Dyer, James M. Berger
bioRxiv 069773; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/069773

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