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The Identification of Source and Vector of a Prolific Marine Invader

Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield, Nicole M. Kollars, Allan E. Strand, James E. Byers, Sarah J. Shainker, Ryuta Terada, Thomas W. Greig, Mareike Hammann, David C. Murray, Florian Weinberger, Erik E. Sotka
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/083972
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield
1Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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  • For correspondence: sakh@uab.edu eriksotka@gmail.com
Nicole M. Kollars
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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Allan E. Strand
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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James E. Byers
3Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 130 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602.
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Sarah J. Shainker
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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Ryuta Terada
4United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima City, 890-0065, Japan
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Thomas W. Greig
5NOAA/National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29312.
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Mareike Hammann
6GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-23105 Kiel, Germany.
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David C. Murray
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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Florian Weinberger
6GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-23105 Kiel, Germany.
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Erik E. Sotka
2Grice Marine Laboratory and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412.
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  • For correspondence: sakh@uab.edu eriksotka@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT

The source and vector of an introduced species inform its ecological and evolutionary history and may guide management that seeks to prevent future introductions. Surprisingly, few studies have successfully used genetic tools to independently inform the specific source and pathway of biological invasions. The ecological history of many introduced species, including their origins and vectors, is often based on suppositions or educated guesses. Here, we used mitochondrial and microsatellite genotyping to trace the invasion of the Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) along the three coastlines of the Northern Hemisphere to which it has been introduced: the western coast of North America, eastern coast of the United States and the coasts of Europe and northwest Africa. Analyzing 37 native and 53 introduced sites, we identified the Pacific coastline of northeastern Japan as the ultimate source of the Northern Hemisphere invasion. Coincidentally, most exports of the oyster Crassostrea gigas historically originated from this region and both species often grow in close proximity. Based on genetic signatures, each of the three coastlines likely received thalli directly from Japan, as well as material from another introduced coastline (i.e., a secondary invasion). Our ability to document a source region, which was enabled by a robust sampling of locations and loci that previous studies lacked, reflected strong phylogeographic structure along native coastlines. We suggest Gracilaria vermiculophylla is an important representative example of many species likely exported out of Japan by the oyster trade and its genetic signatures that may be a hallmark of oyster introduction legacies.

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Posted October 27, 2016.
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The Identification of Source and Vector of a Prolific Marine Invader
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield, Nicole M. Kollars, Allan E. Strand, James E. Byers, Sarah J. Shainker, Ryuta Terada, Thomas W. Greig, Mareike Hammann, David C. Murray, Florian Weinberger, Erik E. Sotka
bioRxiv 083972; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/083972
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The Identification of Source and Vector of a Prolific Marine Invader
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield, Nicole M. Kollars, Allan E. Strand, James E. Byers, Sarah J. Shainker, Ryuta Terada, Thomas W. Greig, Mareike Hammann, David C. Murray, Florian Weinberger, Erik E. Sotka
bioRxiv 083972; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/083972

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