Skip to main content
bioRxiv
  • Home
  • About
  • Submit
  • ALERTS / RSS
Advanced Search
New Results

Epidemic establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas

View ORCID ProfileN. R. Faria, J. Quick, I. Morales, J. Thézé, J.G. Jesus, M. Giovanetti, M. U. G. Kraemer, S. C. Hill, A. Black, A. C. da Costa, L.C. Franco, S. P. Silva, C.-H. Wu, J. Ragwhani, S. Cauchemez, L. du Plessis, M. P. Verotti, W. K. de Oliveira, E. H. Carmo, G. E. Coelho, A. C. F. S. Santelli, L. C. Vinhal, C. M. Henriques, J. T. Simpson, M. Loose, K. G. Andersen, N. D. Grubaugh, S. Somasekar, C. Y. Chiu, L. L. Lewis-Ximenez, S.A. Baylis, A. O. Chieppe, S. F. Aguiar, C. A. Fernandes, P. S. Lemos, B. L. S. Nascimento, H. A. O. Monteiro, I. C. Siqueira, M. G. de Queiroz, T. R. de Souza, J. F. Bezerra, M. R. Lemos, G. F. Pereira, D. Loudal, L. C. Moura, R. Dhalia, R. F. França, T. Magalhães, E. T. Marques Jr., T. Jaenish, G. L. Wallau, M. C. de Lima, V. Nascimento, E. M. de Cerqueira, M. M. de Lima, D. L. Mascarenhas, J. P. Moura Neto, A. S. Levin, T. R. Tozetto-Mendoza, S. N. Fonseca, M. C. Mendes-Correa, F.P. Milagres, A. Segurado, E. C. Holmes, A. Rambaut, T. Bedford, M. R. T. Nunes, E. C. Sabino, L. C. J. Alcantara, N. Loman, O. G. Pybus
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/105171
N. R. Faria
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UKEvandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for N. R. Faria
J. Quick
Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
I. Morales
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. Thézé
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J.G. Jesus
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. Giovanetti
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, BrazilUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. U. G. Kraemer
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. C. Hill
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. Black
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USADepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. C. da Costa
Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
L.C. Franco
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. P. Silva
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
C.-H. Wu
Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. Ragwhani
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. Cauchemez
Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
L. du Plessis
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. P. Verotti
Coordenação dos Laboratórios de Saúde (CGLAB/DEVIT/SVS), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
W. K. de Oliveira
Coordenação Geral de Vigilância e Resposta às Emergências em Saúde Pública (CGVR/DEVIT), Ministry of Health, Brasília, BrazilCenter of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E. H. Carmo
Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
G. E. Coelho
Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, BrazilPan American Health Organization (PAHO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. C. F. S. Santelli
Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, BrazilFundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
L. C. Vinhal
Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
C. M. Henriques
Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. T. Simpson
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. Loose
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
K. G. Andersen
Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
N. D. Grubaugh
Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. Somasekar
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
C. Y. Chiu
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
L. L. Lewis-Ximenez
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S.A. Baylis
Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. O. Chieppe
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. F. Aguiar
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
C. A. Fernandes
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
P. S. Lemos
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
B. L. S. Nascimento
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
H. A. O. Monteiro
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
I. C. Siqueira
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. G. de Queiroz
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. R. de Souza
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, BrazilUniversidade Potiguar do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. F. Bezerra
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, BrazilFaculdade Natalense de Ensino e Cultura, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. R. Lemos
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
G. F. Pereira
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
D. Loudal
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
L. C. Moura
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. Dhalia
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. F. França
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. Magalhães
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilArthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E. T. Marques
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilCenter for Vaccine Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. Jaenish
Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
G. L. Wallau
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. C. de Lima
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
V. Nascimento
Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E. M. de Cerqueira
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. M. de Lima
Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
D. L. Mascarenhas
Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. P. Moura Neto
Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. S. Levin
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. R. Tozetto-Mendoza
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S. N. Fonseca
Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. C. Mendes-Correa
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
F.P. Milagres
Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. Segurado
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E. C. Holmes
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
A. Rambaut
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UKFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. Bedford
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. R. T. Nunes
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, BrazilInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UKDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E. C. Sabino
Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine & Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: sabinoec@usp.br
L. C. J. Alcantara
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: lalcan@bahia.fiocruz.br
N. Loman
Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: n.j.loman@bham.ac.uk
O. G. Pybus
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk
  • Abstract
  • Full Text
  • Info/History
  • Metrics
  • Preview PDF
Loading

Abstract

One Sentence Summary: Virus genomes reveal the establishment of Zika virus in Northeast Brazil and the Americas, and provide an appropriate timeframe for baseline (pre-Zika) microcephaly in different regions.

Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in Northeast Brazil1. Brazil has the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (>200,000 by 24 Dec 20162) as well as the greatest number of cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed cases by 31 Dec 20162). Following the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, 47 countries and territories in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 22 of these reporting ZIKV-associated severe disease3. Yet the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of such information for interpreting past trends in reported microcephaly. To address this we generated 53 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, including data generated by the ZiBRA project – a mobile genomics lab that travelled across Northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Joint analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data estimate that the ZIKV epidemic first became established in NE Brazil by March 2014 and likely disseminated from there, both nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates of the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil coincide with periods of high vector suitability in recipient regions and indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in those regions. NE Brazil’s role in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the virus’ basic reproduction number.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.
Back to top
PreviousNext
Posted February 02, 2017.
Download PDF
Email

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about bioRxiv.

NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Epidemic establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from bioRxiv
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the bioRxiv website.
Share
Epidemic establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas
N. R. Faria, J. Quick, I. Morales, J. Thézé, J.G. Jesus, M. Giovanetti, M. U. G. Kraemer, S. C. Hill, A. Black, A. C. da Costa, L.C. Franco, S. P. Silva, C.-H. Wu, J. Ragwhani, S. Cauchemez, L. du Plessis, M. P. Verotti, W. K. de Oliveira, E. H. Carmo, G. E. Coelho, A. C. F. S. Santelli, L. C. Vinhal, C. M. Henriques, J. T. Simpson, M. Loose, K. G. Andersen, N. D. Grubaugh, S. Somasekar, C. Y. Chiu, L. L. Lewis-Ximenez, S.A. Baylis, A. O. Chieppe, S. F. Aguiar, C. A. Fernandes, P. S. Lemos, B. L. S. Nascimento, H. A. O. Monteiro, I. C. Siqueira, M. G. de Queiroz, T. R. de Souza, J. F. Bezerra, M. R. Lemos, G. F. Pereira, D. Loudal, L. C. Moura, R. Dhalia, R. F. França, T. Magalhães, E. T. Marques Jr., T. Jaenish, G. L. Wallau, M. C. de Lima, V. Nascimento, E. M. de Cerqueira, M. M. de Lima, D. L. Mascarenhas, J. P. Moura Neto, A. S. Levin, T. R. Tozetto-Mendoza, S. N. Fonseca, M. C. Mendes-Correa, F.P. Milagres, A. Segurado, E. C. Holmes, A. Rambaut, T. Bedford, M. R. T. Nunes, E. C. Sabino, L. C. J. Alcantara, N. Loman, O. G. Pybus
bioRxiv 105171; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/105171
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Citation Tools
Epidemic establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas
N. R. Faria, J. Quick, I. Morales, J. Thézé, J.G. Jesus, M. Giovanetti, M. U. G. Kraemer, S. C. Hill, A. Black, A. C. da Costa, L.C. Franco, S. P. Silva, C.-H. Wu, J. Ragwhani, S. Cauchemez, L. du Plessis, M. P. Verotti, W. K. de Oliveira, E. H. Carmo, G. E. Coelho, A. C. F. S. Santelli, L. C. Vinhal, C. M. Henriques, J. T. Simpson, M. Loose, K. G. Andersen, N. D. Grubaugh, S. Somasekar, C. Y. Chiu, L. L. Lewis-Ximenez, S.A. Baylis, A. O. Chieppe, S. F. Aguiar, C. A. Fernandes, P. S. Lemos, B. L. S. Nascimento, H. A. O. Monteiro, I. C. Siqueira, M. G. de Queiroz, T. R. de Souza, J. F. Bezerra, M. R. Lemos, G. F. Pereira, D. Loudal, L. C. Moura, R. Dhalia, R. F. França, T. Magalhães, E. T. Marques Jr., T. Jaenish, G. L. Wallau, M. C. de Lima, V. Nascimento, E. M. de Cerqueira, M. M. de Lima, D. L. Mascarenhas, J. P. Moura Neto, A. S. Levin, T. R. Tozetto-Mendoza, S. N. Fonseca, M. C. Mendes-Correa, F.P. Milagres, A. Segurado, E. C. Holmes, A. Rambaut, T. Bedford, M. R. T. Nunes, E. C. Sabino, L. C. J. Alcantara, N. Loman, O. G. Pybus
bioRxiv 105171; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/105171

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Subject Area

  • Genomics
Subject Areas
All Articles
  • Animal Behavior and Cognition (1527)
  • Biochemistry (2480)
  • Bioengineering (1739)
  • Bioinformatics (9683)
  • Biophysics (3903)
  • Cancer Biology (2972)
  • Cell Biology (4195)
  • Clinical Trials (135)
  • Developmental Biology (2627)
  • Ecology (4102)
  • Epidemiology (2031)
  • Evolutionary Biology (6898)
  • Genetics (5206)
  • Genomics (6501)
  • Immunology (2184)
  • Microbiology (6945)
  • Molecular Biology (2753)
  • Neuroscience (17282)
  • Paleontology (126)
  • Pathology (427)
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology (706)
  • Physiology (1057)
  • Plant Biology (2489)
  • Scientific Communication and Education (643)
  • Synthetic Biology (831)
  • Systems Biology (2690)
  • Zoology (430)