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Cigarette smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomisation analysis

Johan H Bjørngaard, Ask Tybjærg Nordestgaard, Amy E Taylor, Jorien L Treur, Maiken E. Gabrielsen, Marcus R Munafò, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Pål Romundstad, George Davey Smith
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/107037
Johan H Bjørngaard
1NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
2Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset St. Olav’s University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
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  • For correspondence: amy.taylor@bristol.ac.uk
Ask Tybjærg Nordestgaard
3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, Denmark
4The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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  • For correspondence: amy.taylor@bristol.ac.uk
Amy E Taylor
5UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
6MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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  • For correspondence: amy.taylor@bristol.ac.uk
Jorien L Treur
7Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Maiken E. Gabrielsen
1NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
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Marcus R Munafò
5UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
6MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, Denmark
4The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Bjørn Olav Åsvold
9NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
10Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Pål Romundstad
1NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
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George Davey Smith
6MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
8School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Abstract

Background Smokers tend to consume more coffee than non-smokers and there is evidence for a positive relationship between cigarette and coffee consumption in smokers. Cigarette smoke increases the metabolism of caffeine, so this association may represent a causal effect of smoking on caffeine intake.

Methods We performed a Mendelian randomisation analysis in 114,029 individuals from the UK Biobank, 56,664 from the Norwegian HUNT study and 78,650 from the Copenhagen General Population Study. We used a genetic variant in the CHRNA5 nicotinic receptor (rs16969968) as a proxy for smoking heaviness. Coffee and tea consumption were self-reported. Analyses were conducted using linear regression and meta-analysed across studies.

Results Each additional cigarette per day consumed by current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.10 cups per day, 95% CI:0.03,0.17). There was weak evidence for an increase in tea consumption per additional cigarette smoked per day (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI:-0.002,0.07). There was strong evidence that each additional copy of the minor allele of rs16969968 (which increases daily cigarette consumption) in current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.15 cups per day, 95% CI:0.11,0.20), but only weak evidence for an association with tea consumption (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI:- 0.01,0.09). There was no clear evidence that rs16969968 was associated with coffee or tea consumption in never or former smokers.

Conclusion These findings suggest that higher cigarette consumption causally increases coffee intake. This is consistent with faster metabolism of caffeine by smokers, but may also reflect behavioural links between smoking and coffee.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.
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Posted February 08, 2017.
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Cigarette smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomisation analysis
Johan H Bjørngaard, Ask Tybjærg Nordestgaard, Amy E Taylor, Jorien L Treur, Maiken E. Gabrielsen, Marcus R Munafò, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Pål Romundstad, George Davey Smith
bioRxiv 107037; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/107037
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Cigarette smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomisation analysis
Johan H Bjørngaard, Ask Tybjærg Nordestgaard, Amy E Taylor, Jorien L Treur, Maiken E. Gabrielsen, Marcus R Munafò, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Pål Romundstad, George Davey Smith
bioRxiv 107037; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/107037

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