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The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples

Irina M. Velsko, Katherine A. Overmyer, Camilla Speller, Matthew Collins, Louise Loe, Laurent A. F. Frantz, Juan Bautista Rodriguez Martinez, Eros Chaves, Lauren Klaus, Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan, Cecil M. Lewis Jr., Joshua J. Coon, Greger Larson, Christina Warinner
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/136176
Irina M. Velsko
1The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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Katherine A. Overmyer
2Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
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Camilla Speller
3BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK YO10 5DD
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Matthew Collins
3BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK YO10 5DD
4Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Louise Loe
5Heritage Burial Services, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK
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Laurent A. F. Frantz
1The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
6School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Juan Bautista Rodriguez Martinez
7Dental Office Dr. Juan Bautista Rodriguez, Pozo Alcon, Jaén, Spain
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Eros Chaves
8Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Lauren Klaus
8Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan
9Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma USA 73019
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Cecil M. Lewis Jr.
10Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA 73019
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Joshua J. Coon
2Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
11Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
12Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA 53706
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Greger Larson
1The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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Christina Warinner
8Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
10Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA 73019
13Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany 07743
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  • For correspondence: warinner@shh.mpg.de
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Abstract

Introduction Dental calculus is a mineralized microbial dental plaque biofilm that forms throughout life by precipitation of salivary calcium salts. Successive cycles of dental plaque growth and calcification make it an unusually well-preserved, long-term record of host-microbial interaction in the archaeological record. Recent studies have confirmed the survival of authentic ancient DNA and proteins within historic and prehistoric dental calculus, making it a promising substrate for investigating oral microbiome evolution via direct measurement and comparison of modern and ancient specimens.

Objective We present the first comprehensive characterization of the human dental calculus metabolome using a multi-platform approach.

Methods Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) quantified 285 metabolites in modern and historic (200 years old) dental calculus, including metabolites of drug and dietary origin. A subset of historic samples was additionally analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and UPLC- MS/MS for further characterization of polar metabolites and lipids, respectively. Metabolite profiles of modern and historic calculus were compared to identify patterns of persistence and loss.

Results Dipeptides, free amino acids, free nucleotides, and carbohydrates substantially decrease in abundance and ubiquity in archaeological samples, with some exceptions. Lipids generally persist, and saturated and mono-unsaturated medium and long chain fatty acids appear to be well-preserved, while metabolic derivatives related to oxidation and chemical degradation are found at higher levels in archaeological dental calculus than fresh samples.

Conclusions The results of this study indicate that certain metabolite classes have higher potential for recovery over long time scales and may serve as appropriate targets for oral microbiome evolutionary studies.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license.
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Posted May 09, 2017.
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The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples
Irina M. Velsko, Katherine A. Overmyer, Camilla Speller, Matthew Collins, Louise Loe, Laurent A. F. Frantz, Juan Bautista Rodriguez Martinez, Eros Chaves, Lauren Klaus, Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan, Cecil M. Lewis Jr., Joshua J. Coon, Greger Larson, Christina Warinner
bioRxiv 136176; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/136176
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The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples
Irina M. Velsko, Katherine A. Overmyer, Camilla Speller, Matthew Collins, Louise Loe, Laurent A. F. Frantz, Juan Bautista Rodriguez Martinez, Eros Chaves, Lauren Klaus, Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan, Cecil M. Lewis Jr., Joshua J. Coon, Greger Larson, Christina Warinner
bioRxiv 136176; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/136176

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