Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying time perception are of vital importance to a comprehensive understanding of behavior and cognition. Recent work has pointed to a supramodal role for beta oscillations in coordinating endogenous timing mechanisms for the purpose of measuring temporal intervals. However, the majority of this work has employed paradigms relying on timed motor responses, which are confounded by beta’s established role in motor movement. Further, no study to date has tested if the alteration of beta oscillations subsequently impacts timing. Here, we address these concerns and demonstrate for the first time a causal connection between beta oscillations and timing. To accomplish this, we first re-analyzed two, separate EEG datasets from psychophysical experiments (Wiener, et al. 2012; 2015) demonstrating that beta oscillations are associated with the retention and comparison of a memory standard for duration, and that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right supramarginal gyrus leads to an increase in midline beta power during the encoding of a temporal interval, corresponding with a longer perceived interval of time. Next, we conducted a study of 20 healthy human participants using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), over frontocentral cortex, at alpha (10Hz) and beta (20Hz) frequencies, during a visual temporal bisection task, demonstrating that beta stimulation exclusively shifts the perception of time such that stimuli are reported as longer in length, while preserving precision. Finally, we decomposed trial-by-trial choice data with a drift diffusion model of decision making and temporal encoding that reveals the shift in timing is caused by a change in the starting point of accumulation, rather than the drift rate or threshold. Our results provide causal evidence of beta’s involvement in the perception of time, and point to a specific role for beta oscillations in the encoding and retention of memory for temporal intervals.
