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Lactoferrin Reverses Methotrexate Driven Epithelial Barrier Defect by Inhibiting TGF-β Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Thomas E. Wallach, Vasudha Srivastava, Efren Reyes, Ophir D. Klein, Zev J. Gartner
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.23.878207
Thomas E. Wallach
1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
3Tetrad graduate program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Vasudha Srivastava
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Efren Reyes
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
3Tetrad graduate program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Ophir D. Klein
6Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
7Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zev J. Gartner
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
3Tetrad graduate program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
4Center for Cellular Construction, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
5Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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  • For correspondence: Zev.gartner@ucsf.edu
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ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Methotrexate is an important tool in the arsenal of oncologists, gastroenterologists, and rheumatologists. At low doses it induces intestinal barrier dysfunction that may induce side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort and liver injury. Previous studies suggest that lactoferrin can improve barrier function in a variety of contexts. This study set out to determine the mechanism of methotrexate induced barrier dysfunction and assess the effect of lactoferrin and other components of human breast milk on this dysfunction.

METHODS Using a murine enteroid model and Caco2 spheroids, we measured flux of basolateral-administered fluorescent dextran into the lumen. Barrier dysfunction was induced using methotrexate (220 nM) or lipopolysaccharide (20 nM). Human lactoferrin was added at 0.8 mg/ml (10 µM). RNAseq was performed on exposed samples.

RESULTS Lactoferrin blocks methotrexate-induced barrier dysfunction in murine enteroids. Similar results were observed when barrier dysfunction was induced in Caco2 spheroids with methotrexate and LPS, but not ML7. RNAseq revealed activation of TGF-β response genes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by methotrexate, which normalized in the presence of lactoferrin. TGF-β receptor inhibition (RepSox) blocked methotrexate induced barrier dysfunction in Caco2 spheroids. 20 nM TGF-β induced barrier dysfunction in Caco2 spheroids which was also inhibited by lactoferrin.

CONCLUSIONS Methotrexate induces barrier dysfunction by activation of an EMT program promoted by TGF-β signaling and inhibited by lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is also protective of barrier function in an LPS-induced model. The likely mechanism of this effect is blockade of EMT programs induced by TGF-β.

Footnotes

  • DISCLOSURES: None of the authors have financial disclosures.

  • GRANT SUPPORT: This research was supported by funds awarded to Z.J.G. by the Barbara Bakar Foundation, NIH (nos. U01CA199315 and DP2 HD080351-01), and the UCSF Center for Cellular Construction (no. DBI-1548297 an NSF Science and Technology Center). Z.J.G. is a Chan Zuckerberg BioHub Investigator. T.E.W. was supported by an NIH T32 Pediatric Training Grant. BD Aria III cell sorter is supported by National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA082103) to the Laboratory for Cell Analysis, UCSF.

  • ABBREVIATIONS: Methotrexate (MTX), Lactoferrin (LTF), Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/linking.html

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license.
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Posted December 26, 2019.
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Lactoferrin Reverses Methotrexate Driven Epithelial Barrier Defect by Inhibiting TGF-β Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
Thomas E. Wallach, Vasudha Srivastava, Efren Reyes, Ophir D. Klein, Zev J. Gartner
bioRxiv 2019.12.23.878207; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.23.878207
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Lactoferrin Reverses Methotrexate Driven Epithelial Barrier Defect by Inhibiting TGF-β Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
Thomas E. Wallach, Vasudha Srivastava, Efren Reyes, Ophir D. Klein, Zev J. Gartner
bioRxiv 2019.12.23.878207; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.23.878207

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