Abstract
For the improvement and maintenance of the desirable ecological value of grasslands it is necessary to manage them in a way which maintains their structure and their long-term functioning. Extensive grazing plays a crucial role in the seasonal biomass removal, thereby it prevents litter accumulation and shrub encroachment. Defoliation and biomass removal are among the most important effects of grazing on the vegetation, while the sufficient quantity and quality of plant biomass is an important ecosystem service for animal husbandry. In order to maintain the long term functioning of pastures it is important to gather information about the amount of consumed biomass and the dietary choice of the grazers. Therefore, we studied the direct effects of grazing on species-rich meadow steppes in Central-Hungary and the underlying mechanisms of dietary choice of cattle using trait-based approach. We asked the following questions: (i) What are the direct effects of grazing on the main biomass fractions (litter, moss, forbs and graminoids)? (ii) Which traits distinguish the preferred and non-preferred vascular plant species? The studied pastures were divided into two adjacent units, which were managed differently in the study year: the grazed units were managed by grazing for three months before the sampling date, while the control units remained ungrazed until the sampling. We collected above-ground biomass samples, measured leaf traits and shoot nitrogen content of plants. The consumption of the litter and moss biomass was negligible, while the reduction of the live biomass of vascular plants was 65%. Grazing significantly decreased the flowering success of plants. Cattle consumed species characterized by high specific leaf area and high nitrogen content. Based on our results we emphasize that, in order to ensure the reproduction of most plant species in the long term, it is unfavourable to graze an area every year in the same period. Instead, it is recommended to use grazing in a mosaic spatial and temporal pattern. The livestock carrying capacity of an area and the long-term management of grasslands can be carefully planned based on biomass measurements and the nutritional value of plants, which is well indicated by some easily measurable plant properties such as specific leaf area and the nitrogen content of species.
