Skip to main content
bioRxiv
  • Home
  • About
  • Submit
  • ALERTS / RSS
Advanced Search
New Results

Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests

View ORCID ProfileDorith Rotenberg, View ORCID ProfileAaron A. Baumann, View ORCID ProfileSulley Ben-Mahmoud, View ORCID ProfileOlivier Christiaens, View ORCID ProfileWannes Dermauw, Panagiotis Ioannidis, View ORCID ProfileChris G.C. Jacobs, View ORCID ProfileIris M. Vargas Jentzsch, View ORCID ProfileJonathan E. Oliver, View ORCID ProfileMonica F. Poelchau, Swapna Priya Rajarapu, Derek J. Schneweis, View ORCID ProfileSimon Snoeck, View ORCID ProfileClauvis N.T. Taning, Dong Wei, Shirani M. K. Widana-Gamage, Daniel S.T. Hughes, Shwetha C. Murali, Sam Bailey, View ORCID ProfileNicolas E. Bejerman, Christopher J Holmes, Emily C. Jennings, Andrew J. Rosendale, Andrew Rosselot, Kaylee Hervey, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sammy Cheng, View ORCID ProfileChristopher Childers, View ORCID ProfileFelipe A. Simão, View ORCID ProfileRalf G. Dietzgen, Hsu Chao, Huyen Dinh, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Shannon Dugan, Yi Han, Sandra L. Lee, Donna M. Muzny, Jiaxin Qu, Kim C. Worley, View ORCID ProfileJoshua B. Benoit, View ORCID ProfileMarkus Friedrich, Jeffery W. Jones, View ORCID ProfileKristen A. Panfilio, Yoonseong Park, Hugh M. Robertson, View ORCID ProfileGuy Smagghe, Diane E. Ullman, View ORCID ProfileMaurijn van der Zee, View ORCID ProfileThomas Van Leeuwen, View ORCID ProfileJan A. Veenstra, View ORCID ProfileRobert M. Waterhouse, Matthew T. Weirauch, View ORCID ProfileJohn H. Werren, View ORCID ProfileAnna E. Whitfield, View ORCID ProfileEvgeny M. Zdobnov, Richard A. Gibbs, Stephen Richards
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.941716
Dorith Rotenberg
1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Dorith Rotenberg
  • For correspondence: drotenb@ncsu.edu
Aaron A. Baumann
2University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Section, A239 VTH, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville TN 37996, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Aaron A. Baumann
Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
3University of California Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
Olivier Christiaens
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Olivier Christiaens
Wannes Dermauw
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Wannes Dermauw
Panagiotis Ioannidis
5Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
6Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Chris G.C. Jacobs
7Instute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Chris G.C. Jacobs
Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch
8Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch
Jonathan E. Oliver
9Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-5737, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Jonathan E. Oliver
Monica F. Poelchau
10National Agricultural Library, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Monica F. Poelchau
Swapna Priya Rajarapu
1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Derek J. Schneweis
11Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Simon Snoeck
12Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Simon Snoeck
Clauvis N.T. Taning
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Clauvis N.T. Taning
Dong Wei
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
13Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
14International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Shirani M. K. Widana-Gamage
15Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Daniel S.T. Hughes
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Shwetha C. Murali
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sam Bailey
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Nicolas E. Bejerman
18IPAVE-CIAP-INTA, 5020 Cordoba, Argentina
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Nicolas E. Bejerman
Christopher J Holmes
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Emily C. Jennings
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Andrew J. Rosendale
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Andrew Rosselot
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kaylee Hervey
11Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Brandi A. Schneweis
11Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sammy Cheng
19Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Christopher Childers
10National Agricultural Library, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Christopher Childers
Felipe A. Simão
6Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Felipe A. Simão
Ralf G. Dietzgen
20Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Ralf G. Dietzgen
Hsu Chao
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Huyen Dinh
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Shannon Dugan
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Yi Han
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sandra L. Lee
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Donna M. Muzny
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jiaxin Qu
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kim C. Worley
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Joshua B. Benoit
17Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Joshua B. Benoit
Markus Friedrich
21Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, MI 48202, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Markus Friedrich
Jeffery W. Jones
21Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, MI 48202, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kristen A. Panfilio
8Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
22School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Kristen A. Panfilio
Yoonseong Park
23Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hugh M. Robertson
24Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Guy Smagghe
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
13Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
14International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Guy Smagghe
Diane E. Ullman
3University of California Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Maurijn van der Zee
25Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Maurijn van der Zee
Thomas Van Leeuwen
4Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Thomas Van Leeuwen
Jan A. Veenstra
26INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Jan A. Veenstra
Robert M. Waterhouse
27Department of Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Robert M. Waterhouse
Matthew T. Weirauch
28Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
29Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
John H. Werren
19Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for John H. Werren
Anna E. Whitfield
1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Anna E. Whitfield
Evgeny M. Zdobnov
6Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Evgeny M. Zdobnov
Richard A. Gibbs
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Stephen Richards
16Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Abstract
  • Full Text
  • Info/History
  • Metrics
  • Supplementary material
  • Data/Code
  • Preview PDF
Loading

ABSTRACT

Background The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber and ornamental crops. While there are numerous studies centered on thrips pest and vector biology, feeding behaviors, ecology, and insecticide resistance, the underlying genetic mechanisms of the processes governing these areas of research are largely unknown. To address this gap, we present the F. occidentalis draft genome assembly and official gene set.

Results We report on the first genome sequence for any member of the insect order Thysanoptera. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) assessments of the genome assembly (size = 415.8 Mb, scaffold N50 = 948.9 Kb) revealed a relatively complete and well-annotated assembly in comparison to other insect genomes. The genome is unusually GC-rich (50%) compared to other insect genomes to date. The official gene set (OGS v1.0) contains 16,859 genes, of which ∼10% were manually verified and corrected by our consortium. We focused on manual annotation, phylogenetic and expression evidence analyses for gene sets centered on primary themes in the life histories and activities of plant-colonizing insects. Highlights include: 1) divergent clades and large expansions in genes associated with environmental sensing (chemosensory receptors) and detoxification (CYP4, CYP6 and CCE enzymes) of substances encountered in agricultural environments; 2) a comprehensive set of salivary gland-associated genes supported by enriched expression; 3) apparent absence of members of the IMD innate immune defense pathway; and 4) developmental- and sex-specific expression analyses of genes associated with progression from larvae to adulthood through neometaboly, a distinct form of maturation compared to complete metamorphosis in the Holometabola.

Conclusions Analysis of the F. occidentalis genome offers insights into the polyphagous behavior of this insect pest to find, colonize and survive on a widely diverse array of plants. The genomic resources presented here enable a more complete analysis of insect evolution and biology, providing a missing taxon for contemporary insect genomics-based analyses. Our study also offers a genomic benchmark for molecular and evolutionary investigations of other thysanopteran species.

Footnotes

  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_000697945.4

  • https://i5k.nal.usda.gov/

  • http://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1503960

  • http://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1503959

  • http://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1504029

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Back to top
PreviousNext
Posted February 13, 2020.
Download PDF

Supplementary Material

Data/Code
Email

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about bioRxiv.

NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from bioRxiv
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the bioRxiv website.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests
Dorith Rotenberg, Aaron A. Baumann, Sulley Ben-Mahmoud, Olivier Christiaens, Wannes Dermauw, Panagiotis Ioannidis, Chris G.C. Jacobs, Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch, Jonathan E. Oliver, Monica F. Poelchau, Swapna Priya Rajarapu, Derek J. Schneweis, Simon Snoeck, Clauvis N.T. Taning, Dong Wei, Shirani M. K. Widana-Gamage, Daniel S.T. Hughes, Shwetha C. Murali, Sam Bailey, Nicolas E. Bejerman, Christopher J Holmes, Emily C. Jennings, Andrew J. Rosendale, Andrew Rosselot, Kaylee Hervey, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sammy Cheng, Christopher Childers, Felipe A. Simão, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Hsu Chao, Huyen Dinh, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Shannon Dugan, Yi Han, Sandra L. Lee, Donna M. Muzny, Jiaxin Qu, Kim C. Worley, Joshua B. Benoit, Markus Friedrich, Jeffery W. Jones, Kristen A. Panfilio, Yoonseong Park, Hugh M. Robertson, Guy Smagghe, Diane E. Ullman, Maurijn van der Zee, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Jan A. Veenstra, Robert M. Waterhouse, Matthew T. Weirauch, John H. Werren, Anna E. Whitfield, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Richard A. Gibbs, Stephen Richards
bioRxiv 2020.02.12.941716; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.941716
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Citation Tools
Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests
Dorith Rotenberg, Aaron A. Baumann, Sulley Ben-Mahmoud, Olivier Christiaens, Wannes Dermauw, Panagiotis Ioannidis, Chris G.C. Jacobs, Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch, Jonathan E. Oliver, Monica F. Poelchau, Swapna Priya Rajarapu, Derek J. Schneweis, Simon Snoeck, Clauvis N.T. Taning, Dong Wei, Shirani M. K. Widana-Gamage, Daniel S.T. Hughes, Shwetha C. Murali, Sam Bailey, Nicolas E. Bejerman, Christopher J Holmes, Emily C. Jennings, Andrew J. Rosendale, Andrew Rosselot, Kaylee Hervey, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sammy Cheng, Christopher Childers, Felipe A. Simão, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Hsu Chao, Huyen Dinh, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Shannon Dugan, Yi Han, Sandra L. Lee, Donna M. Muzny, Jiaxin Qu, Kim C. Worley, Joshua B. Benoit, Markus Friedrich, Jeffery W. Jones, Kristen A. Panfilio, Yoonseong Park, Hugh M. Robertson, Guy Smagghe, Diane E. Ullman, Maurijn van der Zee, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Jan A. Veenstra, Robert M. Waterhouse, Matthew T. Weirauch, John H. Werren, Anna E. Whitfield, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Richard A. Gibbs, Stephen Richards
bioRxiv 2020.02.12.941716; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.941716

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Subject Area

  • Genomics
Subject Areas
All Articles
  • Animal Behavior and Cognition (2427)
  • Biochemistry (4784)
  • Bioengineering (3328)
  • Bioinformatics (14656)
  • Biophysics (6629)
  • Cancer Biology (5162)
  • Cell Biology (7417)
  • Clinical Trials (138)
  • Developmental Biology (4355)
  • Ecology (6869)
  • Epidemiology (2057)
  • Evolutionary Biology (9903)
  • Genetics (7338)
  • Genomics (9509)
  • Immunology (4545)
  • Microbiology (12657)
  • Molecular Biology (4936)
  • Neuroscience (28280)
  • Paleontology (199)
  • Pathology (804)
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology (1388)
  • Physiology (2019)
  • Plant Biology (4487)
  • Scientific Communication and Education (976)
  • Synthetic Biology (1297)
  • Systems Biology (3909)
  • Zoology (725)