Abstract
Humans are sexually dimorphic: men and women differ in body build and composition, craniofacial structure, and voice pitch, likely mediated in part by developmental testosterone. Sexual selection hypotheses posit that, ancestrally, more ‘masculine’ men may have acquired more mates and/or sired more viable offspring. Thus far, however, evidence for either association is unclear. Here, we meta-analyze the relationships between six masculine traits and mating/reproductive outcomes (96 studies, 474 effects, N = 177,044). Voice pitch, height, and testosterone all predicted mating; however, strength/muscularity was the strongest and only consistent predictor of both mating and reproduction. Facial masculinity and digit ratios did not significantly predict either. There was no clear evidence for any effects of masculinity on offspring viability. Our findings support arguments that strength/muscularity can be considered sexually selected in humans, but raise concerns over other forms of masculinity and highlight the need to increase tests of evolutionary hypotheses outside of industrialized populations.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Text updated throughout. Figures and tables updated. All analyses now corrected for multiple comparisons. These means the effect of 2D:4D on mating is no longer significant.
