Abstract
Melanoma and most other cancers occur more frequently, and have worse prognosis, in males compared with females. Though sex steroids are thought to be involved, classical androgen and estrogen receptors are not detectable in most melanomas. Here we show that testosterone promotes melanoma proliferation by activating ZIP9 (SLC39A9), a zinc transporter that is not intentionally targeted by available therapeutics, but is widely expressed in human melanoma. This testosterone activity requires zinc influx, MAPK activation and YAP1 nuclear translocation. We demonstrate that FDA approved inhibitors of the classical androgen receptor also inhibit ZIP9, and thereby antagonize the pro-tumorigenic effects of testosterone in melanoma. In male mice, androgen receptor inhibitors suppressed growth of ZIP9-expressing melanomas, but had no effect on isogenic melanomas lacking ZIP9, nor on melanomas in females. These data suggest that ZIP9 might be effectively targeted in melanoma and other cancers by repurposing androgen receptor inhibitors that are currently approved only for prostate cancer.
Competing Interest Statement
C.A.P., C.A.N., and T.W.R., and are inventors on a provisional patent held by the University of Pennsylvania related to this work.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: T.W.R., C.A.N and C.A.P. are inventors on a provisional patent held by the University of Pennsylvania related to this work.
New confirmatory data Clarified text and data
