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The latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae): conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories

Nicolas Chazot, Fabien L. Condamine, Gytis Dudas, Carlos Peña, Pavel Matos-Maraví, Andre V. L. Freitas, Keith R. Willmott, Marianne Elias, Andrew Warren, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, David J. Lohman, Carla M. Penz, Phil DeVries, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Zdenek F. Fric, Soren Nylin, Chris Müller, Christopher Wheat, Akito Y. Kawahara, Karina L. Silva-Brandão, Gerardo Lamas, Anna Zubek, Elena Ortiz-Acevedo, Roger Vila, Richard I Vane-Wright, Sean P. Mullen, Chris D. Jiggins, Irena Slamova, Niklas Wahlberg
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.045575
Nicolas Chazot
1Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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  • For correspondence: chazotn@gmail.com
Fabien L. Condamine
2CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier | CNRS | IRD | EPHE), Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Gytis Dudas
3Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
4Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Carlos Peña
5Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Pavel Matos-Maraví
6Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Andre V. L. Freitas
7Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Keith R. Willmott
8Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Marianne Elias
9Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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Andrew Warren
8Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Kwaku Aduse-Poku
10University of Richmond, Department of Biology, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA, 23173 USA
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David J. Lohman
11City College of New York and Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
12National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
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Carla M. Penz
13Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Phil DeVries
13Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
14IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Zdenek F. Fric
6Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Soren Nylin
15Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chris Müller
16Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Christopher Wheat
15Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Akito Y. Kawahara
8Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Karina L. Silva-Brandão
17Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ. de São Paulo - ESALQ- USP, Av. Pádua Dias 11, C. postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP
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Gerardo Lamas
5Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Anna Zubek
18Zoological Museum of the Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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Elena Ortiz-Acevedo
8Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
19Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Roger Vila
20Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Richard I Vane-Wright
21Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD UK
22Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
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Sean P. Mullen
235 Cummington Street, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Chris D. Jiggins
24Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
25Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
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Irena Slamova
6Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Niklas Wahlberg
1Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is arguably one of the most striking patterns in nature. The global increase in species richness toward the tropics across continents and taxonomic groups stimulated the formulation of many hypotheses to explain the underlying mechanisms of this pattern. We evaluated several of these hypotheses to explain spatial diversity patterns in the butterfly family, Nymphalidae, by assessing the contributions of speciation, extinction, and dispersal to the LDG, and also the extent to which these processes differ among regions at the same latitude. We generated a new, time-calibrated phylogeny of Nymphalidae based on 10 gene fragments and containing ca. 2,800 species (∼45% of extant diversity). Neither speciation nor extinction rate variations consistently explain the LDG among regions because temporal diversification dynamics differ greatly across longitude. For example, we found that Neotropical nymphalid diversity results from low extinction rates, not high speciation rates, and that biotic interchanges with other regions were rare. Southeast Asia was also characterized by a low speciation rate but, unlike the Neotropics, was the main source of dispersal events through time. Our results suggest that global climate change throughout the Cenozoic, particularly during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, combined with the conserved ancestral tropical niches, played a major role in generating the modern LDG of butterflies.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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The latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae): conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories
Nicolas Chazot, Fabien L. Condamine, Gytis Dudas, Carlos Peña, Pavel Matos-Maraví, Andre V. L. Freitas, Keith R. Willmott, Marianne Elias, Andrew Warren, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, David J. Lohman, Carla M. Penz, Phil DeVries, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Zdenek F. Fric, Soren Nylin, Chris Müller, Christopher Wheat, Akito Y. Kawahara, Karina L. Silva-Brandão, Gerardo Lamas, Anna Zubek, Elena Ortiz-Acevedo, Roger Vila, Richard I Vane-Wright, Sean P. Mullen, Chris D. Jiggins, Irena Slamova, Niklas Wahlberg
bioRxiv 2020.04.16.045575; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.045575
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The latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae): conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories
Nicolas Chazot, Fabien L. Condamine, Gytis Dudas, Carlos Peña, Pavel Matos-Maraví, Andre V. L. Freitas, Keith R. Willmott, Marianne Elias, Andrew Warren, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, David J. Lohman, Carla M. Penz, Phil DeVries, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Zdenek F. Fric, Soren Nylin, Chris Müller, Christopher Wheat, Akito Y. Kawahara, Karina L. Silva-Brandão, Gerardo Lamas, Anna Zubek, Elena Ortiz-Acevedo, Roger Vila, Richard I Vane-Wright, Sean P. Mullen, Chris D. Jiggins, Irena Slamova, Niklas Wahlberg
bioRxiv 2020.04.16.045575; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.045575

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