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Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities

Wen-Yong Guo, View ORCID ProfileJosep M. Serra-Diaz, View ORCID ProfileFranziska Schrodt, View ORCID ProfileWolf L. Eiserhardt, Brian S. Maitner, View ORCID ProfileCory Merow, View ORCID ProfileCyrille Violle, Madhur Anand, Michaël Belluau, View ORCID ProfileHans Henrik Bruun, View ORCID ProfileChaeho Byun, View ORCID ProfileJane A. Catford, View ORCID ProfileBruno E. L. Cerabolini, View ORCID ProfileEduardo Chacón-Madrigal, View ORCID ProfileDaniela Ciccarelli, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, View ORCID ProfileAnh Tuan Dang-Le, Angel de Frutos, View ORCID ProfileArildo S. Dias, Aelton B. Giroldo, View ORCID ProfileKun Guo, View ORCID ProfileAlvaro G. Gutiérrez, View ORCID ProfileWesley Hattingh, View ORCID ProfileTianhua He, View ORCID ProfilePeter Hietz, View ORCID ProfileNate Hough-Snee, View ORCID ProfileSteven Jansen, View ORCID ProfileJens Kattge, View ORCID ProfileTamir Klein, Benjamin Komac, View ORCID ProfileNathan Kraft, Koen Kramer, View ORCID ProfileSandra Lavorel, Christopher H. Lusk, Adam R. Martin, View ORCID ProfileMaurizio Mencuccini, Sean T. Michaletz, View ORCID ProfileVanessa Minden, View ORCID ProfileAkira S. Mori, View ORCID ProfileÜlo Niinemets, View ORCID ProfileYusuke Onoda, View ORCID ProfileRenske E. Onstein, View ORCID ProfileJosep Peñuelas, Valério D. Pillar, View ORCID ProfileJan Pisek, View ORCID ProfileBjorn J.M. Robroek, Brandon Schamp, View ORCID ProfileMartjin Slot, Ênio Sosinski, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, View ORCID ProfileNelson Thiffault, Peter van Bodegom, View ORCID ProfileFons van der Plas, View ORCID ProfileIan J. Wright, View ORCID ProfileWu-Bing Xu, Jingming Zheng, View ORCID ProfileBrian J. Enquist, View ORCID ProfileJens-Christian Svenning
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464
Wen-Yong Guo
1Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
2Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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  • For correspondence: guowyhgy@gmail.com
Josep M. Serra-Diaz
3Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
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Franziska Schrodt
4School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Wolf L. Eiserhardt
2Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Brian S. Maitner
5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA
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Cory Merow
6Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storss, CT, USA
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Cyrille Violle
7UMR 5175, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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Madhur Anand
8School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Michaël Belluau
9Centre for Forest Research, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888, Centre-ville station, Montréal (Qc) H3C 3P8, Canada
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Hans Henrik Bruun
10Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Chaeho Byun
11Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
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Jane A. Catford
12Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
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Bruno E. L. Cerabolini
13Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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  • ORCID record for Bruno E. L. Cerabolini
Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal
14Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica; 11501-2060 San Jose, Costa Rica
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Daniela Ciccarelli
15Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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  • ORCID record for Daniela Ciccarelli
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
16Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anh Tuan Dang-Le
17University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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  • ORCID record for Anh Tuan Dang-Le
Angel de Frutos
18German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Arildo S. Dias
19Goethe University, Institute for Physical Geography, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Aelton B. Giroldo
20Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE campus Crateús, Avenida Geraldo Barbosa Marques, 567, Crateús, Brazil. 63708-260
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Kun Guo
21Section for Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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  • ORCID record for Kun Guo
Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
22Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Wesley Hattingh
23Global Systems and Analytics, Nova Pioneer, Paulshof, Gauteng, South Africa
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  • ORCID record for Wesley Hattingh
Tianhua He
24School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
25College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Peter Hietz
26Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
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Nate Hough-Snee
27Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
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Steven Jansen
28Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Jens Kattge
18German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
29Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Tamir Klein
30Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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  • ORCID record for Tamir Klein
Benjamin Komac
31Centre d’Estudis de la Neu i la Muntanya d’Andorra, Institut d’Estudis Andorrans (CENMA - IEA), Avinguda Rocafort 21–23, AD600 Sant Julià de Lòria, Principality of Andorra
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Nathan Kraft
32Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Koen Kramer
33Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Management group, Droevendaalseseeeg 4 6700 AA Wageningen; and Land Life Company, Mauritskade 63, 1092AD Amsterdam
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Sandra Lavorel
34Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, LECA, UMR UGA-USMB-CNRS 5553, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Christopher H. Lusk
35Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Adam R. Martin
36Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough. 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Maurizio Mencuccini
37ICREA, Barcelona, Spain; CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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Sean T. Michaletz
38Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Vanessa Minden
39Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
40Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Akira S. Mori
41Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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Ülo Niinemets
42Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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  • ORCID record for Ülo Niinemets
Yusuke Onoda
43Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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Renske E. Onstein
18German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Josep Peñuelas
44CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
45CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Valério D. Pillar
46Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
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Jan Pisek
47Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, 61602, Tartumaa, Estonia
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Bjorn J.M. Robroek
48Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Group, Faculty of Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Brandon Schamp
49Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 2G4
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Martjin Slot
50Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Ênio Sosinski
51Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
52Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Nelson Thiffault
53Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Peter van Bodegom
52Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Fons van der Plas
54Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life science, Leipzig University, Germany
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Ian J. Wright
55Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Wu-Bing Xu
1Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
2Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Jingming Zheng
56Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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Brian J. Enquist
5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA
57The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Jens-Christian Svenning
1Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
2Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract

Although trees are key to ecosystem functioning, many forests and tree species across the globe face strong threats. Preserving areas of high biodiversity is a core priority for conservation; however, different dimensions of biodiversity and varied conservation targets make it difficult to respond effectively to this challenge. Here, we (i) identify priority areas for global tree conservation using comprehensive coverage of tree diversity based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and functional traits; and (ii) compare these findings to existing protected areas and global biodiversity conservation frameworks. We find that ca. 51% of the top-priority areas for tree biodiversity are located in current protected areas. The remaining half top-priority areas are subject to moderate to high human pressures, indicating conservation actions are needed to mitigate these human impacts. Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of using tree conservation priority areas for future global conservation planning.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

  • wenyong.guo{at}bios.au.dk; guowyhgy{at}gmail.com (WYG); wubingxu{at}bios.au.dk (WBX); svenning{at}bios.au.dk (JCS); wolf.eiserhardt{at}bios.au.dk (WE), pep.serradiaz{at}agroparistech.fr, f.i.schrodt{at}gmail.com, bmaitner{at}gmail.com (BSM); brianjenquist{at}gmail.com (BJE), cory.merow{at}gmail.com, Cyrille.VIOLLE{at}cefe.cnrs.fr, anand.madhur{at}gmail.com, michael.belluau{at}usherbrooke.ca, HHBruun{at}bio.ku.dk, chaehobyun{at}anu.ac.kr, jane.catford{at}kcl.ac.uk, bruno.cerabolini{at}uninsubria.it, edchacon{at}gmail.com, daniela.ciccarelli{at}unipi.it, j.h.c.cornelissen{at}vu.nl, dlatuan{at}gmail.com, adefrutost{at}gmail.com (AdF); onsteinre{at}gmail.com (REO), arildodias{at}gmail.com, aeltonbg{at}gmail.com, kun.guo{at}bios.au.dk, bosqueciencia{at}gmail.com, wesnhattingh{at}gmail.com, Tianhua.He{at}curtin.edu.au, peter.hietz{at}boku.ac.at, nhoughsnee{at}fourpeaksenv.com, steven.jansen{at}uni-ulm.de, jkaattge{at}bgc-jena.mpg.de, tamir.klein{at}weizmann.ac.il, bkomac.cenma{at}iea.ad, nkraft{at}ucla.edu, koen.kramer{at}wur.nl, sandra.lavorel{at}univ-grenoble-alpes.fr, clusk{at}waikato.ac.nz, adam.martin{at}utoronto.ca, m.mencuccini{at}creaf.uab.es, sean.michaletz{at}ubc.ca, vanessa.minden{at}uni-oldenburg.de, akira.s.mori{at}gmail.com, ylo.niinemets{at}emu.ee, onoda{at}kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp; yusuke.onoda{at}gmail.com, josep.penuelas{at}uab.cat, vpillar{at}ufrgs.br, janpisek{at}gmail.com, Bjorn.Robroek{at}ru.nl, Brandon.Schamp{at}algomau.ca, slotm{at}si.edu, enio.sosinski{at}embrapa.br, n.a.soudzilovskaia{at}cml.leidenuniv.nl (NS); p.m.van.bodegom{at}cml.leidenuniv.nl (PMvB), nelson.thiffault{at}canada.ca, fonsvanderplas{at}gmail.com, ian.wright{at}mq.edu.au, zhjmbjfu{at}yahoo.com

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Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities
Wen-Yong Guo, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Franziska Schrodt, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Brian S. Maitner, Cory Merow, Cyrille Violle, Madhur Anand, Michaël Belluau, Hans Henrik Bruun, Chaeho Byun, Jane A. Catford, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal, Daniela Ciccarelli, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Anh Tuan Dang-Le, Angel de Frutos, Arildo S. Dias, Aelton B. Giroldo, Kun Guo, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Wesley Hattingh, Tianhua He, Peter Hietz, Nate Hough-Snee, Steven Jansen, Jens Kattge, Tamir Klein, Benjamin Komac, Nathan Kraft, Koen Kramer, Sandra Lavorel, Christopher H. Lusk, Adam R. Martin, Maurizio Mencuccini, Sean T. Michaletz, Vanessa Minden, Akira S. Mori, Ülo Niinemets, Yusuke Onoda, Renske E. Onstein, Josep Peñuelas, Valério D. Pillar, Jan Pisek, Bjorn J.M. Robroek, Brandon Schamp, Martjin Slot, Ênio Sosinski, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Nelson Thiffault, Peter van Bodegom, Fons van der Plas, Ian J. Wright, Wu-Bing Xu, Jingming Zheng, Brian J. Enquist, Jens-Christian Svenning
bioRxiv 2020.04.21.052464; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464
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Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities
Wen-Yong Guo, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Franziska Schrodt, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Brian S. Maitner, Cory Merow, Cyrille Violle, Madhur Anand, Michaël Belluau, Hans Henrik Bruun, Chaeho Byun, Jane A. Catford, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal, Daniela Ciccarelli, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Anh Tuan Dang-Le, Angel de Frutos, Arildo S. Dias, Aelton B. Giroldo, Kun Guo, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Wesley Hattingh, Tianhua He, Peter Hietz, Nate Hough-Snee, Steven Jansen, Jens Kattge, Tamir Klein, Benjamin Komac, Nathan Kraft, Koen Kramer, Sandra Lavorel, Christopher H. Lusk, Adam R. Martin, Maurizio Mencuccini, Sean T. Michaletz, Vanessa Minden, Akira S. Mori, Ülo Niinemets, Yusuke Onoda, Renske E. Onstein, Josep Peñuelas, Valério D. Pillar, Jan Pisek, Bjorn J.M. Robroek, Brandon Schamp, Martjin Slot, Ênio Sosinski, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Nelson Thiffault, Peter van Bodegom, Fons van der Plas, Ian J. Wright, Wu-Bing Xu, Jingming Zheng, Brian J. Enquist, Jens-Christian Svenning
bioRxiv 2020.04.21.052464; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464

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