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Closed-loop sacral neuromodulation for bladder function using dorsal root ganglia sensory feedback in an acute feline model

View ORCID ProfileZhonghua Ouyang, View ORCID ProfileNikolas Barrera, View ORCID ProfileZachariah J. Sperry, View ORCID ProfileElizabeth C. Bottorff, Katie C. Bittner, Lance Zirpel, View ORCID ProfileTim M. Bruns
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.074484
Zhonghua Ouyang
1Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Nikolas Barrera
1Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zachariah J. Sperry
1Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Elizabeth C. Bottorff
1Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Katie C. Bittner
3Pelvic Health & Gastric Therapies, Medtronic Restorative Therapies Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lance Zirpel
3Pelvic Health & Gastric Therapies, Medtronic Restorative Therapies Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Tim M. Bruns
1Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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  • For correspondence: bruns@umich.edu
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Abstract

Overactive bladder patients suffer from a frequent and uncontrollable urge to urinate, which can lead to a poor quality of life. Current sacral neuromodulation therapy uses open-loop electrical stimulation to alleviate symptoms, which limits battery life and can lead to neural habituation. In this study, we aim to improve therapy by developing a conditional stimulation paradigm using neural recordings from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) as sensory feedback. Experiments were performed in 5 non-survival, anesthetized felines, in which the sacral-level DRG and spinal roots were exposed bilaterally. A bipolar cuff electrode was placed on a S1 root distal to the DRG for stimulation. Microelectrode arrays were implanted in the same or opposite S1 and/or S2 DRG. We implemented a Kalman filter-based algorithm to estimate the bladder pressure in real-time using DRG neural recordings. The Medtronic Summit Research Development Kit was used to control sacral root stimulation when the algorithm detected an increase in bladder pressure. Closed-loop neuromodulation was performed during continuous cystometry and compared to bladder fills with continuous and no stimulation. Closed-loop stimulation with DRG sensory feedback reduced stimulation time by 57.7% compared to continuous, standard stimulation. Bladder capacity was increased by 13.8% over no stimulation and by 4.3% over continuous stimulation trials (p < 0.001 and = 0.53, respectively). Stimulation reduced the sensitivity of high-confidence bladder single units, with 35.5% lower linear trendline fits and 466.9% higher pressure thresholds for firing observed during stimulation trials. This study demonstrates the utility of decoding bladder pressure from neural activity for closed-loop control of sacral neuromodulation. An underlying mechanism for sacral neuromodulation may be a reduction in bladder sensory neuron activity during stimulation. Real-time validation during behavioral studies is necessary prior to clinical translation of closed-loop sacral neuromodulation.

Competing Interest Statement

This research was supported in part by Medtronic. Two co-authors are employees of Medtronic. Medtronic did not influence the study outcomes or interpretations to align with any Medtronic-focused interest.

Footnotes

  • https://osf.io/jq5hn/

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted May 03, 2020.
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Closed-loop sacral neuromodulation for bladder function using dorsal root ganglia sensory feedback in an acute feline model
Zhonghua Ouyang, Nikolas Barrera, Zachariah J. Sperry, Elizabeth C. Bottorff, Katie C. Bittner, Lance Zirpel, Tim M. Bruns
bioRxiv 2020.05.02.074484; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.074484
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Closed-loop sacral neuromodulation for bladder function using dorsal root ganglia sensory feedback in an acute feline model
Zhonghua Ouyang, Nikolas Barrera, Zachariah J. Sperry, Elizabeth C. Bottorff, Katie C. Bittner, Lance Zirpel, Tim M. Bruns
bioRxiv 2020.05.02.074484; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.074484

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