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The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and insights into Kex2 protease processing of fungal effectors

Megan A. Outram, Yi-Chang Sung, Daniel Yu, Bayantes Dagvadorj, Sharmin A. Rima, David A. Jones, Daniel J. Ericsson, Jana Sperschneider, Peter S. Solomon, Bostjan Kobe, View ORCID ProfileSimon J. Williams
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.120113
Megan A. Outram
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Yi-Chang Sung
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Daniel Yu
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Bayantes Dagvadorj
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Sharmin A. Rima
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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David A. Jones
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Daniel J. Ericsson
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
3Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular Crystallography, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Jana Sperschneider
4Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Peter S. Solomon
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Bostjan Kobe
2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Simon J. Williams
1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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  • ORCID record for Simon J. Williams
  • For correspondence: simon.williams@anu.edu.au
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Summary

  • Plant pathogens cause disease through secreted effector proteins, which act to modulate host physiology and promote infection. Typically, the sequences of effectors provide little functional information and further targeted experimentation is required. Here, we utilised a structure/function approach to study SnTox3, an effector from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, which causes cell death in wheat-lines carrying the sensitivity gene Snn3.

  • We developed a workflow for the production of SnTox3 in a heterologous host that enabled crystal structure determination. We show this approach can be successfully applied to effectors from other pathogenic fungi. Complementing this, an in-silico study uncovered the prevalence of an expanded subclass of effectors from fungi.

  • The β-barrel fold of SnTox3 is a novel fold among fungal effectors. We demonstrate that SnTox3 is a pre-pro-protein and that the protease Kex2 removes the pro-domain. Our in-silico studies suggest that Kex2-processed pro-domain (designated here as K2PP) effectors are common in fungi, and we demonstrate this experimentally for effectors from Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici.

  • We propose that K2PP effectors are highly prevalent among fungal effectors. The identification and classification of K2PP effectors has broad implications for the approaches used to study their function in fungal virulence.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and insights into Kex2 protease processing of fungal effectors
Megan A. Outram, Yi-Chang Sung, Daniel Yu, Bayantes Dagvadorj, Sharmin A. Rima, David A. Jones, Daniel J. Ericsson, Jana Sperschneider, Peter S. Solomon, Bostjan Kobe, Simon J. Williams
bioRxiv 2020.05.27.120113; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.120113
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The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and insights into Kex2 protease processing of fungal effectors
Megan A. Outram, Yi-Chang Sung, Daniel Yu, Bayantes Dagvadorj, Sharmin A. Rima, David A. Jones, Daniel J. Ericsson, Jana Sperschneider, Peter S. Solomon, Bostjan Kobe, Simon J. Williams
bioRxiv 2020.05.27.120113; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.120113

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