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Ecogenomics of groundwater viruses suggests niche differentiation linked to specific environmental tolerance

Ankita Kothari, Simon Roux, Hanqiao Zhang, Anatori Prieto, Drishti Soneja, John-Marc Chandonia, Sarah Spencer, View ORCID ProfileXiaoqin Wu, Sara Altenburg, View ORCID ProfileMatthew W. Fields, Adam M. Deutschbauer, View ORCID ProfileAdam P. Arkin, View ORCID ProfileEric J. Alm, View ORCID ProfileRomy Chakraborty, View ORCID ProfileAindrila Mukhopadhyay
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.203604
Ankita Kothari
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Simon Roux
bDepartment of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Hanqiao Zhang
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Anatori Prieto
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Drishti Soneja
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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John-Marc Chandonia
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Sarah Spencer
hDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
iDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
kCenter for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Xiaoqin Wu
dEarth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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  • ORCID record for Xiaoqin Wu
Sara Altenburg
lSara Altenburg, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Montana, USA
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Matthew W. Fields
lSara Altenburg, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Montana, USA
mDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Montana, USA
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Adam M. Deutschbauer
cEnvironmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
eDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Adam P. Arkin
cEnvironmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
fEnergy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
gDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Eric J. Alm
hDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
iDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
jBroad Institute of MIT Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
kCenter for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Romy Chakraborty
dEarth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
aBiological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
cEnvironmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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  • For correspondence: amukhopadhyay@lbl.gov
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Abstract

Viruses are ubiquitous microbiome components, shaping ecosystems via strain-specific predation, horizontal gene transfer and redistribution of nutrients through host lysis. Viral impacts are important in groundwater ecosystems, where microbes drive many nutrient fluxes and metabolic processes, however little is known about the diversity of viruses in these environments. We analyzed four groundwater plasmidomes and identified 200 viral sequences, which clustered into 41 ~ genus-level viral clusters (equivalent to viral genera) including 9 known and 32 putative new genera. We use publicly available bacterial whole genome sequences (WGS) and WGS from 261 bacterial isolates from this groundwater environment to identify potential viral hosts. We linked 76 of the 200 viral sequences to a range of bacterial phyla, the majority associated with Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The publicly available microbial genome sequences enabled mapping bacterial hosts to a breadth of viral sequences. The WGS of groundwater isolates increased depth of host prediction by allowing identification of hosts at the strain level. The latter included 4 viruses that were almost entirely (>99% query coverage, >99% identity) identified as integrated in the genomes of specific Pseudomonas, Acidovorax and Castellaniella strains, resulting in very high-confidence host assignments. Lastly, 21 of these viruses encoded putative auxiliary metabolite genes for metal and antibiotic resistance, which might drive their infection cycles and/or provide selective advantage to infected hosts. Exploring the groundwater virome provides a necessary foundation for integration of viruses into ecosystem models where they act as key players in microbial adaption to environmental stress.

Importance To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the bacteriophage distribution in a groundwater ecosystem shedding light on their prevalence and distribution across metal-contaminated and background sites. Our study is uniquely based on selective sequencing of solely the extrachromosomal elements of a microbiome followed by analysis for viral signatures, thus establishing a more focused approach for phage identifications. Using this method, we detect several novel phage genera along with those previously established. Our approach of using the whole genome sequences of hundreds of bacterial isolates from the same site enabled us to make host assignments with high confidence, several at strain levels. Certain phage-encoded genes suggest they provide an environment-specific selective advantage to their bacterial hosts. Our study lays the foundation for future research on directed phage isolations using specific bacterial host strains to further characterize groundwater phages, their lifecycles, and its effects on groundwater microbiome and biogeochemistry.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted July 15, 2020.
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Ecogenomics of groundwater viruses suggests niche differentiation linked to specific environmental tolerance
Ankita Kothari, Simon Roux, Hanqiao Zhang, Anatori Prieto, Drishti Soneja, John-Marc Chandonia, Sarah Spencer, Xiaoqin Wu, Sara Altenburg, Matthew W. Fields, Adam M. Deutschbauer, Adam P. Arkin, Eric J. Alm, Romy Chakraborty, Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
bioRxiv 2020.07.14.203604; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.203604
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Ecogenomics of groundwater viruses suggests niche differentiation linked to specific environmental tolerance
Ankita Kothari, Simon Roux, Hanqiao Zhang, Anatori Prieto, Drishti Soneja, John-Marc Chandonia, Sarah Spencer, Xiaoqin Wu, Sara Altenburg, Matthew W. Fields, Adam M. Deutschbauer, Adam P. Arkin, Eric J. Alm, Romy Chakraborty, Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
bioRxiv 2020.07.14.203604; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.203604

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