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Evaluation of near infrared spectroscopy for sporozoite detection in mosquitoes infected with wild-strain parasites from asymptomatic gametocyte carriers in Kilifi Kenya

View ORCID ProfileMarta F. Maia, View ORCID ProfileMartin G. Wagah, View ORCID ProfileJonathan Karisa, Robert Mwakesi, Festus Mure, Martha Muturi, Juliana Wambua, Mainga Hamaluba, Floyd E. Dowell, Philip Bejon, Melissa C. Kapulu
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.25.220830
Marta F. Maia
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
2University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
3Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4020-Basel, Switzerland
4University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001-Basel, Switzerland
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  • For correspondence: mmaia@kemri-wellcome.org
Martin G. Wagah
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
5Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 91SA, United Kingdom
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Jonathan Karisa
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
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Robert Mwakesi
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
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Festus Mure
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
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Martha Muturi
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
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Juliana Wambua
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
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Mainga Hamaluba
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
2University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Floyd E. Dowell
6USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, United States of America
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Philip Bejon
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
2University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Melissa C. Kapulu
1KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 - Kilifi, Kenya
2University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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ABSTRACT

Background Screening for Plasmodium spp. sporozoite infection in mosquitoes is routinely done using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a fast and non-destructive method, has recently been shown to distinguish, with 95% accuracy, between uninfected and sporozoite-infected mosquitoes using laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum (PfN54). The aim of this present study was to further investigate the reproducibility of NIRS to identify sporozoite infection in mosquitoes infected using field isolates of P. falciparum gametocytes from asymptomatic carriers.

Methods Healthy individuals (aged 5 years and above) were screened for gametocytaemia by thick-smear microscopy in an area of moderate transmission along the Coast of Kenya between May and September 2018. Asymptomatic gametocyte carriers were recruited for mosquito feeding assays, direct membrane feeding (DMFA) and direct skin feeding (DFA), using insectary-reared Anopheles gambiae s.s (Kilifi strain). Mosquitoes were kept for 14-days post feeding after which they were scanned using NIRS and subsequently analysed for sporozoite infection using circumsporozoite-ELISA. Predictive models were explored using partial least square regressions (PLS).

Results Two hundred and ninety-nine (299) individuals were screened for malaria parasites, 74 (24.8%) were found with circulating asexual parasites, and 16 (5.4%) with P. falciparum gametocyte stages. Fourteen (14) asymptomatic gametocyte carriers were recruited to the study for mosquito feeding assays. A total of 134 (7%, 134/1881) sporozoite-infected mosquitoes were obtained from 9 successful experiments. Three different training datasets composed of infected and uninfected mosquitoes were analysed. The PLS models were unable to distinguish between sporozoite-infected and uninfected mosquitoes. A predictive model could not be generated.

Conclusions The results of this study were not consistent with previous published research on NIRS for detection of sporozoite infection in the same mosquito species and may reflect differences between laboratory and field conditions. The current findings indicate that methods for sporozoite detection should be tested on field isolates at an early stage in their development and are informative for future research seeking novel high-throughput methods for parasite detection in mosquitoes.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

  • Contacts: Martin Wagah mw21{at}sanger.ac.uk, Jonathan Karisa kjonathan{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Festus Mure fmure{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Robert Mwakesi rmwakesi{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Martha Muturi mmuturi{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Juliana Wambua jwambua{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Mainga Hamaluba mhamaluba{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Floyd Dowell floyd.dowell{at}ars.usda.gov, Philip Bejon pbejon{at}kemri-wellcome.org, Melissa Kapulu mkapulu{at}kemri-wellcome.org

  • https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/IVFTLB

  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

    CSP ELISA
    Circumsporozoite Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
    DMFA
    Direct Membrane Feeding Assay
    DFA
    Direct Feeding Assay
    KWTRP
    Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme
    KOPD
    Kilifi Out-patient Department
    NIRS
    Near infrared spectroscopy
    LOOCV
    Leave-one-out Cross Validations
    PLS
    Partial Least Squares
    WBC
    White Blood Cells
  • Copyright 
    The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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    Evaluation of near infrared spectroscopy for sporozoite detection in mosquitoes infected with wild-strain parasites from asymptomatic gametocyte carriers in Kilifi Kenya
    Marta F. Maia, Martin G. Wagah, Jonathan Karisa, Robert Mwakesi, Festus Mure, Martha Muturi, Juliana Wambua, Mainga Hamaluba, Floyd E. Dowell, Philip Bejon, Melissa C. Kapulu
    bioRxiv 2020.07.25.220830; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.25.220830
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    Evaluation of near infrared spectroscopy for sporozoite detection in mosquitoes infected with wild-strain parasites from asymptomatic gametocyte carriers in Kilifi Kenya
    Marta F. Maia, Martin G. Wagah, Jonathan Karisa, Robert Mwakesi, Festus Mure, Martha Muturi, Juliana Wambua, Mainga Hamaluba, Floyd E. Dowell, Philip Bejon, Melissa C. Kapulu
    bioRxiv 2020.07.25.220830; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.25.220830

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