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Trace Imbalance in Reinforcement and Punishment Systems Can Mis-reinforce Implicit Choices Leading to Anxiety

View ORCID ProfileYuki Sakai, Yutaka Sakai, Yoshinari Abe, Jin Narumoto, Saori C. Tanaka
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.241588
Yuki Sakai
aATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, 2-2-2 Hikaridai Seika-Cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
bDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Yutaka Sakai
cBrain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
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Yoshinari Abe
bDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Jin Narumoto
bDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Saori C. Tanaka
aATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, 2-2-2 Hikaridai Seika-Cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
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  • For correspondence: xsaori@atr.jp
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Abstract

Nobody wants to experience anxiety. However, anxiety may be induced by our own implicit choices that are mis-reinforced by some imbalance in reinforcement learning. Here we focused on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as a candidate for implicitly learned anxiety. Simulations in the reinforcement learning framework showed that agents implicitly learn to become anxious when the memory trace signal for past actions decays differently for positive and negative prediction errors. In empirical data, we confirmed that OCD patients showed extremely imbalanced traces, which were normalized by serotonin enhancers. We also used fMRI to identify the neural signature of OCD and healthy participants with imbalanced traces. Beyond the spectrum of clinical phenotypes, these behavioral and neural characteristics can be generalized to variations in the healthy population.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted August 07, 2020.
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Trace Imbalance in Reinforcement and Punishment Systems Can Mis-reinforce Implicit Choices Leading to Anxiety
Yuki Sakai, Yutaka Sakai, Yoshinari Abe, Jin Narumoto, Saori C. Tanaka
bioRxiv 2020.08.07.241588; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.241588
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Trace Imbalance in Reinforcement and Punishment Systems Can Mis-reinforce Implicit Choices Leading to Anxiety
Yuki Sakai, Yutaka Sakai, Yoshinari Abe, Jin Narumoto, Saori C. Tanaka
bioRxiv 2020.08.07.241588; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.241588

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