Using temperature to analyse the neural basis of a latent temporal decision

SUMMARY

The basal ganglia (BG) are thought to contribute to decision-making and motor control by learning to select actions based on consequences. These functions are critically dependent on timing information that can be extracted from the evolving state of neural populations in the striatum, the major input area of the BG. However, it is debated whether striatal activity underlies latent, dynamic decision processes or kinematics of overt movement. Here, we measured the impact of temperature on striatal population activity and the behavior of rats and compared the observed effects to neural activity and behavior collected in multiple versions of a temporal categorization task. Cooler temperatures caused dilation, and warmer temperatures contraction, of both neural activity and patterns of judgment in time, mimicking endogenous decision-related variability in striatal activity. However, temperature did not similarly affect movement kinematics. These data demonstrate that the time-course of evolving striatal population activity dictates the speed of a latent process that is used to guide decision-making, but not finer temporal aspects of movement. More broadly, they establish temporal scaling of population activity as a cause and not simply a correlate of timing in the brain.