Abstract
To find important objects, we must focus on our goals, ignore distractions, and take our changing environment into account. This is formalized in models of visual search whereby goal-driven, stimulus-driven and history-driven factors are integrated into a priority map that guides attention. Stimulus history robustly influences where attention is allocated even when the physical stimulus is the same: when a salient distractor is repeated over time, it captures attention less effectively. A key open question is how we come to ignore salient distractors when they are repeated. Goal-driven accounts propose that we use an active, expectation-driven mechanism to attenuate the distractor signal (e.g., predictive coding), whereas stimulus-driven accounts propose that the distractor signal is attenuated due to passive changes to neural activity and inter-item competition (e.g., adaptation). To test these competing accounts, we measured item-specific fMRI responses in human visual cortex during a visual search task where trial history was manipulated (colors unpredictably switched or were repeated). Consistent with a stimulus-driven account of history-based distractor suppression, we found that repeated singleton distractors were suppressed starting in V1, and distractor suppression did not increase in later visual areas. In contrast, we observed signatures of goal-driven target enhancement that were absent in V1, increased across visual areas, and were not modulated by stimulus history. Our data suggest that stimulus history does not alter goal-driven expectations, but rather modulates canonically stimulus-driven sensory responses to contribute to a temporally-integrated representation of priority.
Significance Statement Visual search refers to our ability to find what we are looking for in a cluttered visual world (e.g., finding your keys). To perform visual search, we must integrate information about our goals (e.g., ‘find the red key-chain’), the environment (e.g., salient items capture your attention), and changes to the environment (i.e., stimulus history). Although stimulus history impacts behavior, the neural mechanisms that mediate history-driven effects remain debated. Here, we leveraged fMRI and multivariate analysis techniques to measure history-driven changes to the neural representation of items during visual search. We found that stimulus history influenced the representation of a salient ‘pop-out’ distractor starting in V1, suggesting that stimulus history operates via modulations in early sensory processing rather than goal-driven expectations.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Contributions: K.A. collected data, performed analyses, and drafted the manuscript. Both authors designed the study and revised the manuscript.
Funding: Research was supported by National Eye Institute grant R01 EY025872 (J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health grant T32-MH020002 (K.A.), and National Eye Institute grant T32-EY020503 (K.A.).
Data availability: Data will be made freely available online on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/wrdvz/ upon acceptance for publication.
Conflicts of interest: none
Minor revisions to the methods and discussion.
