Abstract
Progress in nearly every scientific discipline is hindered by the presence of independent noise in spatiotemporally structured datasets. Three widespread technologies for measuring neural activity—calcium imaging, extracellular electrophysiology, and fMRI—all operate in domains in which shot noise and/or thermal noise deteriorate the quality of measured physiological signals. Current denoising approaches sacrifice spatial and/or temporal resolution to increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of weak neuronal events, leading to missed opportunities for scientific discovery.
Here, we introduce DeepInterpolation, a general-purpose denoising algorithm that trains a spatio-temporal nonlinear interpolation model using only noisy samples from the original raw data. Applying DeepInterpolation to in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging yields up to 6 times more segmented neuronal segments with a 15 fold increase in single pixel SNR, uncovering network dynamics at the single-trial level. In extracellular electrophysiology recordings, DeepInterpolation recovered 25% more high-quality spiking units compared to a standard data analysis pipeline. On fMRI datasets, DeepInterpolation increased the SNR of individual voxels 1.6-fold. All these improvements were attained without sacrificing spatial or temporal resolution.
DeepInterpolation could well have a similar impact in other domains for which independent noise is present in experimental data.
Competing Interest Statement
The Allen Institute has applied for a patent related to the content of this manuscript.
Footnotes
Added code repository to generate all figures in Methods; Updated videos link to smaller videos; Added Noise2Void reference and updated prior art discussions; Corrected typo in Figure 2 scale bar. Updated font and paragraph settings.