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Bacteria have numerous phage-plasmid families with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires

View ORCID ProfileEugen Pfeifer, Jorge A. Moura de Sousa, Marie Touchon, Eduardo P.C. Rocha
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.09.375378
Eugen Pfeifer
Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
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  • For correspondence: eugen.pfeifer@pasteur.fr erocha@pasteur.fr
Jorge A. Moura de Sousa
Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
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Marie Touchon
Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
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Eduardo P.C. Rocha
Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
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  • For correspondence: eugen.pfeifer@pasteur.fr erocha@pasteur.fr
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ABSTRACT

Plasmids and temperate phages are mobile genetic elements driving bacterial evolution. They are usually regarded as very distinct. However, some elements, termed phage-plasmids, are known to be both plasmids and phages, e.g. P1, N15 or SSU5. The number, distribution, relatedness and characteristics of these phage-plasmids are poorly known. Here, we screened for these elements among ca. 14000 phages and plasmids and identified 780 phage-plasmids across very diverse bacterial phyla. We grouped 92% of them by similarity of gene repertoires to define 8 families and 18 other broader communities of elements. The existence of these large groups suggests that phage-plasmids are ancient. Their gene repertoires are large, the average element is larger than an average phage or plasmid, and they include slightly more homologs to phages than to plasmids. We analyzed the pangenomes and the genetic organization of each group of phage-plasmids and found the key phage genes to be conserved and co-localized within families, whereas genes with homologs in plasmids are much more variable and include most accessory genes. Phage-plasmids are a sizeable fraction of all phages and plasmids and could have key roles in bridging the genetic divide between phages and other mobile genetic elements.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted November 09, 2020.
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Bacteria have numerous phage-plasmid families with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires
Eugen Pfeifer, Jorge A. Moura de Sousa, Marie Touchon, Eduardo P.C. Rocha
bioRxiv 2020.11.09.375378; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.09.375378
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Bacteria have numerous phage-plasmid families with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires
Eugen Pfeifer, Jorge A. Moura de Sousa, Marie Touchon, Eduardo P.C. Rocha
bioRxiv 2020.11.09.375378; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.09.375378

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