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Real Bodies Not Required? Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality

View ORCID ProfileJasmine T. Ho, Peter Krummenacher, View ORCID ProfileMarte Roel Lesur, View ORCID ProfileBigna Lenggenhager
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.18.423276
Jasmine T. Ho
1University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Binzmühlestrasse 14, Box 9, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland +41 44 635 72 63
2Brainability, LLC, Sonneggstrasse 86, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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  • For correspondence: jasmine.tian.ho@gmail.com
Peter Krummenacher
3Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
2Brainability, LLC, Sonneggstrasse 86, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Marte Roel Lesur
4University of Zurich, Department of Psychology
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Bigna Lenggenhager
4University of Zurich, Department of Psychology
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Abstract

Pain represents an embodied process, wherein inferences are not only drawn from sensory inputs, but also from bodily states. Previous research has demonstrated that a placebo administered to an embodied rubber hand can effectively induce analgesia, providing first evidence that placebos can work even when applied to temporarily embodied, artificial body parts. Using a heat pain paradigm, the present study investigates placebo analgesia and pain perception during virtual embodiment. We examined whether a virtual placebo (a sham heat protective glove) can successfully induce analgesia, even when administered to a virtual body. The analgesic efficacy of the virtual placebo to the real hand (augmented reality setting) or virtual hand (virtual reality setting) was compared to a physical placebo administered to the own, physical body (physical reality setting). Furthermore, pain perception and subjective embodiment were compared between settings. Healthy participants (n=48) were assigned to either an analgesia-expectation or control-expectation group, where subjective and objective pain was measured at pre- and post-intervention time points. Results evinced that pre-intervention pain intensity was lower in the virtual reality setting, and that participants in the analgesia-expectation condition, after the intervention, exhibited significantly higher pain thresholds, and lower pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings than control-expectation participants, independent of the setting. Our findings evince that a virtual placebo can elicit placebo analgesia comparable to that of a physical placebo, and that administration of a placebo does not necessitate physical bodily interaction to produce analgesic responses, which might pave the way for effective new non-pharmacological approach for pain management.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.
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Posted December 21, 2020.
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Real Bodies Not Required? Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality
Jasmine T. Ho, Peter Krummenacher, Marte Roel Lesur, Bigna Lenggenhager
bioRxiv 2020.12.18.423276; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.18.423276
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Real Bodies Not Required? Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality
Jasmine T. Ho, Peter Krummenacher, Marte Roel Lesur, Bigna Lenggenhager
bioRxiv 2020.12.18.423276; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.18.423276

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