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The limits of evolutionary convergence in sympatry: reproductive interference and historical constraints leading to local diversity in warning traits

View ORCID ProfileLudovic Maisonneuve, View ORCID ProfileMarianne Elias, View ORCID ProfileCharline Smadi, View ORCID ProfileViolaine Llaurens
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427743
Ludovic Maisonneuve
1Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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  • For correspondence: ludovic.maisonneuve.2015@polytechnique.org
Marianne Elias
1Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Charline Smadi
2Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, F-38402 St-Martin-d’Hères, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Fourier, 38610 Gières, France
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Violaine Llaurens
1Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract

Mutualistic interactions between defended species represent a striking case of evolutionary convergence in sympatry, driven by the increased protection against predators brought by mimicry in warning traits. However, such convergence is often limited: sympatric defended species frequently display different or imperfectly similar warning traits. The phylogenetic distance between sympatric species may indeed prevent evolution towards the exact same signal. Moreover, warning traits are also involved in mate recognition, so that trait convergence might result in heterospecific courtship and mating. Here, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the strength and direction of evolution of warning trait in defended species with different ancestral traits. Specifically, we determine the effect of phenotypic distances between ancestral trait states of sympatric defended species and of costs of heterospecific sexual interactions on imperfect mimicry and trait divergence. Our analytical results confirm that reproductive interference and historical constraints limit the convergence of warning traits, leading to either complete divergence, or imperfect mimicry. Our model reveals that imperfect mimicry evolves only when ancestral trait values differ between species, due to historical constraints and highlights the importance of female and predator discriminations in the evolution of such imperfect mimicry. Our study thus provides new predictions on how reproductive interference interacts with historical constraints and may promote the emergence of novel warning traits, enhancing mimetic diversity.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
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Posted March 28, 2022.
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The limits of evolutionary convergence in sympatry: reproductive interference and historical constraints leading to local diversity in warning traits
Ludovic Maisonneuve, Marianne Elias, Charline Smadi, Violaine Llaurens
bioRxiv 2021.01.22.427743; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427743
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The limits of evolutionary convergence in sympatry: reproductive interference and historical constraints leading to local diversity in warning traits
Ludovic Maisonneuve, Marianne Elias, Charline Smadi, Violaine Llaurens
bioRxiv 2021.01.22.427743; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427743

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