ABSTRACT
Plants are exposed to regular diurnal rhythms of light and dark. Changes in the photoperiod by the prolongation of the light period cause photoperiod stress in short day-adapted Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we report on the transcriptional response to photoperiod stress of wild-type A. thaliana and photoperiod stress-sensitive cytokinin signalling and clock mutants. Transcriptomic changes induced by photoperiod stress included numerous changes in reactive oxygen (ROS)-related transcripts and showed a strong overlap with changes occurring in response to ozone stress and pathogen attack, which have in common the induction of an apoplastic oxidative burst. A core set of photoperiod stress-responsive genes has been identified, including salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and signalling genes. Genetic analysis revealed a central role for NPR1 in the photoperiod stress response as npr1-1 mutants were stress-insensitive. Photoperiod stress treatment led to a strong increase in camalexin levels which is consistent with shared photoperiod stress and pathogen response pathways. Photoperiod stress induced resistance of Arabidopsis plants to a subsequent infection by Pseudomonas syringae cv. tomato DC3000 indicating priming of the defence response. Together, photoperiod stress causes transcriptional reprogramming resembling plant pathogen defence responses and induces systemic acquired resistance in the absence of a pathogen.
One sentence summary Photoperiod stress results in significant dynamic transcriptomic changes related to oxidative stress similar to those caused by pathogen attack and primes the defence response against a subsequent pathogen infection.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Footnotes: A.C. and T.S. developed and coordinated the project; A.C., M.F., V.R. and V.L. performed experiments; A.C., M.F., V.R., V.L. and T.S. analyzed data; A.C., J.B. and G.B. performed statistical analysis of the RNA-seq data; A.C. and T.S. wrote the article with contributions of all other authors.
Funding: This project was funded by grants of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to T.S. (Sfb 973 and Schm 814/27-1).
