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Knowledge production and translation of science between Academia and Industry: assessing the impact of R&D in India

View ORCID ProfileVishal Rao US, Naga Durga Ram Jenu, View ORCID ProfileGururaj Arakeri, Ravi C Nayar, Jitendra Kumar, View ORCID ProfileRui Amaral Mendes
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.08.443271
Vishal Rao US
1Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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  • For correspondence: drvishal.rao@hcgel.com
Naga Durga Ram Jenu
1Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Gururaj Arakeri
1Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NDCH, Raichur, Karnataka, India
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Ravi C Nayar
3Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Jitendra Kumar
4Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rui Amaral Mendes
5Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
6CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract

India is at the 3rd position worldwide in terms of publication of scientific literature. However, in terms of productivity, it has been consistently failing to transform the research knowledge into industrial output. This study compares India with the leading countries to understand its lacuna in terms of R&D policy and outputs. Although scientific publications are regarded as the output of basic research, patent applications serve as a better indicator of the applied research. This paper assesses the important determinants for patent filings of a nation. It also focuses on the role of academia and industry collaboration in R&D and the productivity of a nation. We found that the higher the GERD (total Gross Domestic Expenditure of R&D) and the R&D personnel in a nation, the higher the patent filings of the nation. Moreover, we show that academia-industrial collaboration plays a key role in transforming basic research into real-world applications, as we illustrate the government’s role in making necessary policies to make the collaboration successful. This paper highlights the significance of investing in R&D to improve the productivity of a nation, as also the need to design policies to strengthen the applied research environment by fostering solution-centric collaborations between academia and industry.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

  • List of Abbreviations

    BRICS
    Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa
    FORD
    Field of R&D
    FTE
    Full-Time Equivalent
    GDP
    Gross Domestic Product
    GERD
    Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
    GNI
    Gross Net Income
    HC
    HeadCount
    HIC
    High Income Country
    LIC
    Low Income Country
    LMIC
    Lower Middle Income Country
    OECD
    Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
    NRF
    National Research Foundation
    PPP
    Purchasing Power Parity
    PRI
    Public Research Institution
    R&D
    Research & Development
    RDPPMI
    R&D personnel per million inhabitants
    UIS
    UNESCO Institution of Statistics
    UK
    United Kingdom
    UMIC
    Upper Middle Income Country
    UNESCO
    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
    USA
    United States of America
    WIPO
    World Intellectual Property Organization
  • Copyright 
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    Posted May 10, 2021.
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    Knowledge production and translation of science between Academia and Industry: assessing the impact of R&D in India
    Vishal Rao US, Naga Durga Ram Jenu, Gururaj Arakeri, Ravi C Nayar, Jitendra Kumar, Rui Amaral Mendes
    bioRxiv 2021.05.08.443271; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.08.443271
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    Knowledge production and translation of science between Academia and Industry: assessing the impact of R&D in India
    Vishal Rao US, Naga Durga Ram Jenu, Gururaj Arakeri, Ravi C Nayar, Jitendra Kumar, Rui Amaral Mendes
    bioRxiv 2021.05.08.443271; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.08.443271

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