Abstract
Pharmacogenomic studies have revealed associations between rs1967309 in the adenylyl cyclase type 9 (ADCY9) gene and clinical responses to the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modulator dalcetrapib, however, the mechanism behind this interaction is still unknown. Here, we characterized selective signals at the locus associated with the pharmacogenomic response in human populations and we show that rs1967309 region exhibits signatures of natural selection in several human populations. Furthermore, we identified a variant in CETP, rs158477, which is in long-range linkage disequilibrium with rs1967309 in the Peruvian population. The signal is mainly seen in males, a sex-specific result that is replicated in the LIMAA cohort of over 3,400 Peruvians. We further detected interaction effects of these two SNPs with sex on cardiovascular phenotypes in the UK Biobank, in line with the sex-specific genotype associations found in Peruvians at these loci. Analyses of RNA-seq data further suggest an epistatic interaction on CETP expression levels between the two SNPs in multiple tissues. We propose that ADCY9 and CETP coevolved during recent human evolution, which points towards a biological link between dalcetrapib’s pharmacogene ADCY9 and its therapeutic target CETP.
Competing Interest Statement
J.G.H. has received speaker honoraria from Dalcor and District 3 Innovation Centre. J.C.T. reports grants from Government of Quebec, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), the MHI Foundation, from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Amarin, Esperion, Ionis, Servier, RegenXBio; personal fees from Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Servier; and personal fees and minor equity interest from Dalcor. M.P.D. and J.C.T. have a patent Methods for Treating or Preventing Cardiovascular Disorders and Lowering Risk of Cardiovascular Events issued to Dalcor, no royalties received, a patent Genetic Markers for Predicting Responsiveness to Therapy with HDL-Raising or HDL Mimicking Agent issued to Dalcor, no royalties received, and a patent Methods for using low dose colchicine after myocardial infarction with royalties paid to Invention assigned to the Montreal Heart Institute. M.P.D. reports personal fees and other from Dalcor and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, other from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Servier, Sanofi. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.
