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Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) Up to 15 Months Post-Infection

Bruce K. Patterson, Edgar B. Francisco, Ram Yogendra, Emily Long, Amruta Pise, Hallison Rodrigues, Eric Hall, Monica Herrara, Purvi Parikh, Jose Guevara-Coto, Timothy J. Triche, Paul Scott, Saboor Hekmati, Dennis Maglinte, Xaiolan Chang, Rodrigo A Mora-Rodríguez, Javier Mora
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.25.449905
Bruce K. Patterson
1IncellDx Inc, San Carlos, CA
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  • For correspondence: brucep@incelldx.com
Edgar B. Francisco
1IncellDx Inc, San Carlos, CA
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Ram Yogendra
2Lawrence General Hospital, Lawrence, MA
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Emily Long
1IncellDx Inc, San Carlos, CA
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Amruta Pise
1IncellDx Inc, San Carlos, CA
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Hallison Rodrigues
1IncellDx Inc, San Carlos, CA
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Eric Hall
3Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA
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Monica Herrara
3Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA
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Purvi Parikh
4NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
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Jose Guevara-Coto
5Lab of Tumor Chemosensitivity, CIET / DC Lab, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica
6Department of Computer Science and Informatics (ECCI), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Timothy J. Triche
7Avrok Laboratories, Inc., Azusa, CA
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Paul Scott
7Avrok Laboratories, Inc., Azusa, CA
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Saboor Hekmati
7Avrok Laboratories, Inc., Azusa, CA
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Dennis Maglinte
7Avrok Laboratories, Inc., Azusa, CA
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Xaiolan Chang
8Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Rodrigo A Mora-Rodríguez
5Lab of Tumor Chemosensitivity, CIET / DC Lab, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica
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Javier Mora
5Lab of Tumor Chemosensitivity, CIET / DC Lab, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica
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ABSTRACT

The recent COVID-19 pandemic is a treatment challenge in the acute infection stage but the recognition of chronic COVID-19 symptoms termed post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) may affect up to 30% of all infected individuals. The underlying mechanism and source of this distinct immunologic condition three months or more after initial infection remains elusive. Here, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in 46 individuals. We analyzed T-cell, B-cell, and monocytic subsets in both severe COVID-19 patients and in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). The levels of both intermediate (CD14+, CD16+) and non-classical monocyte (CD14Lo, CD16+) were significantly elevated in PASC patients up to 15 months post-acute infection compared to healthy controls (P=0.002 and P=0.01, respectively). A statistically significant number of non-classical monocytes contained SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in both severe (P=0.004) and PASC patients (P=0.02) out to 15 months post-infection. Non-classical monocytes were sorted from PASC patients using flow cytometric sorting and the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Cells from 4 out of 11 severe COVID-19 patients and 1 out of 26 PASC patients contained ddPCR+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells, however, only fragmented SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in PASC patients. No full length sequences were identified, and no sequences that could account for the observed S1 protein were identified in any patient. Non-classical monocytes are capable of causing inflammation throughout the body in response to fractalkine/CX3CL1 and RANTES/CCR5.

Competing Interest Statement

B.K.P, A.P., H.R., E.L, and EBF. are employees of IncellDx TJT, PS, SH, DM are employees of Avrok Laboratories, Inc

Footnotes

  • We included next gen sequencing of S1 positive cells to answer the very important question of whether there is replication competent virus in PASC

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted July 26, 2021.
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Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) Up to 15 Months Post-Infection
Bruce K. Patterson, Edgar B. Francisco, Ram Yogendra, Emily Long, Amruta Pise, Hallison Rodrigues, Eric Hall, Monica Herrara, Purvi Parikh, Jose Guevara-Coto, Timothy J. Triche, Paul Scott, Saboor Hekmati, Dennis Maglinte, Xaiolan Chang, Rodrigo A Mora-Rodríguez, Javier Mora
bioRxiv 2021.06.25.449905; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.25.449905
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Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) Up to 15 Months Post-Infection
Bruce K. Patterson, Edgar B. Francisco, Ram Yogendra, Emily Long, Amruta Pise, Hallison Rodrigues, Eric Hall, Monica Herrara, Purvi Parikh, Jose Guevara-Coto, Timothy J. Triche, Paul Scott, Saboor Hekmati, Dennis Maglinte, Xaiolan Chang, Rodrigo A Mora-Rodríguez, Javier Mora
bioRxiv 2021.06.25.449905; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.25.449905

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