BCL6-dependent TCF-1⁺ progenitor cells maintain effector and helper CD4 T cell responses to persistent antigen

Summary

Shortly after priming, the fate of activated CD4 T cells is segregated into BCL6⁺ follicular helper T (Tfh) and BCL6⁻ effector (Teff) cells. However, it remains unknown how these subsets are sustained in the presence of chronic antigen stimulation. Using a combination of single cell- and population-based approaches, we show that in chronic viral infection, activated CD4 T cells differentiate into BCL6-dependent TCF-1⁺ progenitor cells with superior capacity to expand and give rise to both Teff and Tfh. They share properties with progenitor-exhausted CD8 T cells and are required for the continued generation of Teff cells as antigen persists. In response to tumors, an analogous CD4 T cell population develops in draining lymph nodes. Our study reveals the heterogeneity and plasticity of CD4 T cells upon encountering persistent antigen and highlights their population dynamics through a stable bipotent intermediate state.