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Immediate Impact of Yogic Breathing on Pulsatile Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics

View ORCID ProfileSelda Yildiz, John Grinstead, View ORCID ProfileAndrea Hildebrand, View ORCID ProfileJohn Oshinski, View ORCID ProfileWilliam D. Rooney, View ORCID ProfileMiranda M. Lim, View ORCID ProfileBarry Oken
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.09.455068
Selda Yildiz
1Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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  • For correspondence: yildiz@ohsu.edu
John Grinstead
2Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Andrea Hildebrand
3Biostatistics and Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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John Oshinski
4Radiology & Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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William D. Rooney
1Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
5Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
6Department of Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
7Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
8Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Miranda M. Lim
1Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
6Department of Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
9VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
10Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
11Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Barry Oken
1Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
6Department of Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Abstract

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid bathing the central nervous system (CNS), undergoes pulsatile movements, and plays a critical role for the removal of waste products from the brain including amyloid beta, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Regulation of CSF dynamics is critical for maintaining CNS health, and increased pulsatile CSF dynamics may alter brain’s waste clearance due to increased mixing and diffusion. As such, understanding the mechanisms driving CSF movement, and interventions that influence its resultant removal of wastes from the brain is of high scientific and clinical impact. Since pulsatile CSF dynamics is sensitive and synchronous to respiratory movements, we are interested in identifying potential integrative therapies such as yogic breathing to regulate and enhance CSF dynamics, which has not been reported before. Here, we investigated the pre-intervention baseline data from our ongoing randomized controlled trial, and examined whether yogic breathing immediately impacts pulsatile CSF dynamics compared to spontaneous breathing. We utilized our previously established non-invasive real-time phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (RT-PCMRI) approach using a 3T MRI instrument, and computed and rigorously tested differences in CSF velocities (instantaneous, respiratory, cardiac 1st and 2nd harmonics) at the level of foramen magnum during spontaneous versus four yogic breathing patterns. In examinations of 18 healthy participants (eight females, ten males; mean age 34.9 ± 14 (SD) years; age range: 18-61 years), we discovered immediate increase in cranially-directed velocities of instantaneous-CSF 16% - 28% and respiratory-CSF 60% - 118% during yogic versus spontaneous breathing, with most statistically significant changes during deep abdominal breathing (28%, p=0.0008, and 118%, p=0.0001, respectively). Further, cardiac pulsation was the primary source of pulsatile CSF during all breathing conditions except during deep abdominal breathing, when there was a comparable contribution of respiratory and cardiac 1st harmonic power [0.59 ± 0.78], demonstrating respiration can be the primary regulator of CSF depending on individual differences in breath depth and location. Further work is needed to investigate the impact of sustained training yogic breathing on increased pulsatile CSF dynamics and brain waste clearance for CNS health.

Competing Interest Statement

S.Y., A.H, J.N.O., W.D.R, M.M.L, B.O. declare that they have no known competing financial interests. John Grinstead is a full-time employee of Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Immediate Impact of Yogic Breathing on Pulsatile Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
Selda Yildiz, John Grinstead, Andrea Hildebrand, John Oshinski, William D. Rooney, Miranda M. Lim, Barry Oken
bioRxiv 2021.08.09.455068; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.09.455068
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Immediate Impact of Yogic Breathing on Pulsatile Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
Selda Yildiz, John Grinstead, Andrea Hildebrand, John Oshinski, William D. Rooney, Miranda M. Lim, Barry Oken
bioRxiv 2021.08.09.455068; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.09.455068

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