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Faster rates of molecular sequence evolution in reproduction-related genes and in species with hypodermic sperm morphologies

View ORCID ProfileR. Axel W. Wiberg, View ORCID ProfileJeremias N. Brand, View ORCID ProfileLukas Schärer
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.16.456242
R. Axel W. Wiberg
1University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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  • For correspondence: raw.wiberg@unibas.ch raw.wiberg@protonmail.com
Jeremias N. Brand
1University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
2Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Lukas Schärer
1University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract

Sexual selection drives the evolution of many striking behaviours and morphologies, and should leave signatures of selection at loci underlying these phenotypes. However, while loci thought to be under sexual selection often evolve rapidly, few studies have contrasted rates of molecular sequence evolution at such loci across lineages with different sexual selection contexts. Furthermore, work has focused on separate sexed animals, neglecting alternative sexual systems. We investigate rates of molecular sequence evolution in hermaphroditic flatworms of the genus Macrostomum. Specifically, we compare species that exhibit contrasting sperm morphologies, strongly associated with multiple convergent shifts in the mating strategy, reflecting different sexual selection contexts. Species donating and receiving sperm in every mating have sperm with bristles, likely to prevent sperm removal. Meanwhile, species that hypodermically inject sperm lack bristles, potentially as an adaptation to the environment experienced by hypodermic sperm. Combining functional annotations from the model, M. lignano, with transcriptomes from 97 congeners, we find genus-wide faster sequence evolution in reproduction-related versus ubiquitously-expressed genes, consistent with stronger sexual selection on the former. Additionally, species with hypodermic sperm morphologies had elevated molecular sequence evolution, regardless of a gene’s functional annotation. These genome-wide patterns suggest reduced selection efficiency following shifts to hypodermic mating, possibly due to higher selfing rates in these species. Moreover, we find little evidence for convergent amino acid changes across species. Our work not only shows that reproduction-related genes evolve rapidly also in hermaphroditic animals, but also that well-replicated contrasts of different sexual selection contexts can reveal underappreciated genome-wide effects.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

  • https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4543289

  • https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4972188

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted September 07, 2021.
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Faster rates of molecular sequence evolution in reproduction-related genes and in species with hypodermic sperm morphologies
R. Axel W. Wiberg, Jeremias N. Brand, Lukas Schärer
bioRxiv 2021.08.16.456242; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.16.456242
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Faster rates of molecular sequence evolution in reproduction-related genes and in species with hypodermic sperm morphologies
R. Axel W. Wiberg, Jeremias N. Brand, Lukas Schärer
bioRxiv 2021.08.16.456242; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.16.456242

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