Abstract
A human arm, up to the wrist, is often modelled as a redundant 7 degree-of-freedom serial robot. Despite its inherent nonlinearity, we can perform point-to-point reaching tasks reasonably fast and with reasonable accuracy in the presence of external disturbances and noise. In this work, we take a closer look at the task space error during point-to-point reaching tasks and learning during an external force-field perturbation. From experiments and quantitative data, we confirm a directional dependence of the peak task space error with certain directions showing larger errors than others at the start of a force-field perturbation, and the larger errors are reduced with repeated trials implying learning. The analysis of the experimental data further shows that a) the distribution of the peak error is made more uniform across directions with trials and the error magnitude and distribution approaches the value when no perturbation is applied, b) the redundancy present in the human arm is used more in the direction of the larger error, and c) homogenization of the error distribution is not seen when the reaching task is performed with the non-dominant hand. The results support the hypothesis that not only magnitude of task space error, but the directional dependence is reduced during motor learning and the workspace is homogenized possibly to increase the control efficiency and accuracy in point-to-point reaching tasks. The results also imply that redundancy in the arm is used to homogenize the workspace, and additionally since the bio-mechanically similar dominant and non-dominant arms show different behaviours, the homogenizing is actively done in the central nervous system.
Significance The human arm is capable of executing point-to-point reaching tasks reasonably accurately and quickly everywhere in its workspace. This is despite the inherent nonlinearities in the mechanics and the sensorimotor system. In this work, we show that motor learning enables homogenization of the task space error thus overcoming the nonlinearities and leading to simpler internal models and control of the arm movement. It is shown, across subjects, that the redundancy present in the arm is used to homogenize the task space. It is further shown, across subjects, that the homogenization is not an artifact of the biomechanics of the arm and is actively performed in the central nervous system since homogenization is not seen in the non-dominant hand.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
