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Regressive evolution of an effector following a host jump in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage

View ORCID ProfileErin K. Zess, View ORCID ProfileYasin F. Dagdas, Esme Peers, View ORCID ProfileAbbas Maqbool, View ORCID ProfileMark J. Banfield, View ORCID ProfileTolga O. Bozkurt, View ORCID ProfileSophien Kamoun
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.04.463104
Erin K. Zess
1Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
2The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Yasin F. Dagdas
3The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna, Austria
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Esme Peers
2The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Abbas Maqbool
2The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Mark J. Banfield
4Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Tolga O. Bozkurt
5Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
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Sophien Kamoun
2The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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  • For correspondence: sophien.kamoun@tsl.ac.uk
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Abstract

In order to infect a new host species, the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission in the novel environment. Although we often think of evolution as a process of accumulation, it is also a process of loss. Here, we document an example of regressive evolution in the Irish potato famine pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) lineage, providing evidence that a key sequence motif in the effector PexRD54 has degenerated following a host jump. We began by looking at PexRD54 and PexRD54-like sequences from across Phytophthora species. We found that PexRD54 emerged in the common ancestor of Phytophthora clade 1b and 1c species, and further sequence analysis showed that a key functional motif, the C-terminal ATG8-interacting motif (AIM), was also acquired at this point in the lineage. A closer analysis showed that the P. mirabilis PexRD54 (PmPexRD54) AIM appeared unusual, the otherwise-conserved central residue mutated from a glutamate to a lysine. We aimed to determine whether this PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism represented an adaptation to the Mirabilis jalapa host environment. We began by characterizing the M. jalapa ATG8 family, finding that they have a unique evolutionary history compared to previously characterized ATG8s. Then, using co-immunoprecipitation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we showed that both full-length PmPexRD54 and the PmPexRD54 AIM peptide bind very weakly to the M. jalapa ATG8s. Through a combination of binding assays and structural modelling, we showed that the identity of the residue at the position of the PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism can underpin high-affinity binding to plant ATG8s. Finally, we conclude that the functionality of the PexRD54 AIM was lost in the P. mirabilis lineage, perhaps owing to as-yet-unknown pressure on this effector in the new host environment.

Author Summary Pathogens evolve in concert with their hosts. When a pathogen begins to infect a new host species, known as a “host jump,” the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission. These evolutionary processes can involve both the gain and loss of genes, as well as dynamic changes in protein function. Here, we describe an example of a pathogen protein that lost a key functional domain following a host jump, a salient example of “regressive evolution.” Specifically, we show that an effector protein from the plant pathogen Phytopthora mirabilis, a host-specific lineage closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytopthora infestans, has a derived amino acid polymorphism that results in a loss of interaction with certain host machinery.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.
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Posted October 05, 2021.
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Regressive evolution of an effector following a host jump in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage
Erin K. Zess, Yasin F. Dagdas, Esme Peers, Abbas Maqbool, Mark J. Banfield, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sophien Kamoun
bioRxiv 2021.10.04.463104; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.04.463104
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Regressive evolution of an effector following a host jump in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage
Erin K. Zess, Yasin F. Dagdas, Esme Peers, Abbas Maqbool, Mark J. Banfield, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sophien Kamoun
bioRxiv 2021.10.04.463104; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.04.463104

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